Claudio and Heros Relationship vs. Beatrice and Benedicks :: Much Ado About Nothing Shakespeare Love Essays

Claudio and Heros Relationship vs. Beatrice and benedictsThe main topic of discussion is based around the relationships ofClaudio and Hero and how their relationship differs from Beatricesand Benedicks. The idea of marriage is an important factor. InShakespeares time marriage was seen as an obligation and your wifewould be chosen for you. The decision making was made by the men. Itwas a very patriarchal order of magnitude.Beatrice is a prime example of one of Shakespeares strong characters.She refuses to marry because she has not found the perfect equal retainer and is unwilling to eschew her liberty to the will of acontrolling husband. In her frustration and rage about Herosmistreatment, Beatrice rebels against the unequal status of women inRenaissance society. O that I were a man for his sake Or that I hadany friend would be a man for my sake she turbulently exclaims. Icannot be a man with wishing, therefore I will die a woman withgrieving. Beatrice relates to women in a modern s ociety because ofher attitude towards societys norms at that time.Benedick is the wilful lord who vows never to marry. He engages withBeatrice in a competition to outwit and outsmart each other, but tohis observant friends he seems to feel some deeper emotions below thesurface.Beatrice and Benedick have a more modern idea of a relationship. InShakespeares time the idea of marriage was very different from today.Women had no freedom to marry for love, whereas today women have a lotmore freedom and world power to make their own choices.Love and marriage are the two most striking ideas in Much Ado AboutNothing. The play ends with the union mingled with a fair young woman and a

The Spanish American War :: American America History

The Spanish American WarHi Im doing my report on the Spanish American War. In the following pages I bequeath be giving information on how and why the state of war started, major meshs, and the results of the war. I will also include stories from people on the battleship Maine. entranceway The Spanish American War marked the emergence of the United States of America as a world power. The war which lasted only 10 weeks between April and sublime of 1898 took place over the liberation of Cuba. In the course of the war the U.S. won Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippine Islands. A large aspect to the begining of the war was the explosion and sinking of the Maine on February 15 1898 at 930 PM in Havana Harbor. 260 American naval personnel where killed or wounded. The USS Maine was the second second class battle ship constructed for the U.S. Navy. It took almost nine years to complete three year took waiting for armor. The USS Maine was at the cartridge clip the largest ship to be built in a U.S. Navy yard. The USS Maine arrived in the Havana harbor in Cuba on Jan. 24 of 1898. The USS Manie was sent to Cuba in response to a small protest by Spanish officers. The ship was under the command of Captian Charles Sigsbee.When the Manie sank there where 2 separate explosions ammunition continuted to explode for hours after the blast. Some people say that the Maine was torpedoed or blown up with under water explosives by the Spanish Navy, others say that the 896 ton capacity coal bunker exploded but most people at the time said that the ship was torpedoed and blamed Spain for the sinking of the ship. After the disaster an official court of inquiry was held to determine the cause of the blast. The Navy said that the ship was drop down by a water mine, but stated that it could not fix responsibility on any single person or persons.Declaration of war At the time of the sinking of the Maine U.S. President William Mckinley was in office. Pres. Mckinley had hoped to avoid goin g to war with Spain but along with thousands of other Americans was swept up in the tint to support war. In 1898 Pres. mckinley asked to declare war on Spain.The war begins At the begining of the war there were almost 200,000 Spanish troops located in Cuba.

Michael Fays Conviction in Singapore :: essays research papers

In this article, a young American boy, Michael Fay, who lived in Singapore, was convicted of vandalism and was sentenced to a flogging. The author of this article, Mike Royko, was American, and was on Fays side, he thinks that a flogging is wrong.Royko defines what Fay did as mischief. Giving some iodin a rubber pencil when they ask to borrow a real number pencil is mischief, spray painting, egging, switching license plates and tearing down street signs is vandalism, which is more serious than mischief. I think that Royko was trying to downplay what Fay did, to prove his render that flogging is much too harsh for vandals. President Clinton became involved in the case because as the President of the United States he has to protect his citizens, whether they are one mile a stylus from him in the United States, or if they are on the other side of the world. He might non have wanted to intervene, he might not have cared at all about Michael Fay, but the public did, and it would not look good if he said he did not care. When President Clinton asked the governor of Singapore to ease up on the punishment, he told Clinton to mind his own business. The government does have the right to punish its citizens in the way they see fit. In a city as densely populated as Singapore, they cannot have people running around doing whatever they feel the like, and and so getting off with a small fine and some community service. Clinton could ask them, but they do not have to comply. Clinton was also on unsound territory, because there is a big trade industry between Singapore and the U.S., and losing that, would mean losing billions of dollars.Like most Americans, the author of this article strongly opposed the flogging, which is not surprising. It is not surprising because since he is an American, and because he is, he is used to the customs here, but also because Fay was an American just like Royko. They had something in common, and people like people who are like them. Even though that was practically the only thing he knew about Fay, it was something they shared. They had shared the rights and freedoms of being an American, while living there. If it had been soulfulness from any other country, Mike Royko, would not have cared nearly as much.

I Never Promised You A Rose Garden :: essays research papers

I Never Promised You a flush Garden by Hannah GreeneI Never Promised You a Rose Garden takes place in the late 1940s. The main setting isin a mental hospital just outside Chicago. But it also goes backbone and forth between the hospitaland the main characters home in Chicago.This book is about a girl named Deborah who is diagnosed with schizophrenia. She is sentto a mental hospital after seek to commit suicide. Deborah lives in her own world of Yri and haslost touch with reality. In fact, she wants no part of the real world. During her life she feels thatshe has been deceived in so some(prenominal) ways and has become cynical. She has no friends except for thesecret Gods and Goddesses she makes up in her head. In the beginning of the book Dr. Fried isintroduced. She is a remedy that is going over Deborahs papers and speaking about how she maysucceed in making Deborah better. This foreshadows how important she will be in Deborahs life. Also how influential she will be to Debora h strengthening her health situation. After cutting her arms, Deborah is moved to the Disturbed Ward or D ward. There shefinds many interesting people. She continues to open up to Dr. Fried and tells her more and moreabout Yri. This in turn makes the Gods of Yri upset and makes Deborah go into these spellswhere she become unresponsive. The Gods also criticize her and station her down which makes herdo things such as burn holes in the arms with cigarette butts. Dr. Fried finally gets to Deborah bytelling her that she shouldnt quit trying to get healthy and really gets to her. After that Deborahbegins to realize how important living is and she begins to let in the real world. She finally ismoved back to a B ward and is allowed off the grounds. She stops letting the Gods rule her andgoes back to school to get her life back together. Deborahs conflict in this book is an privileged conflict. Its whether to let the world in andlive in reality or to continue living in the self hating, bu t comfortable life shes made up inside herhead. Deborah would like to be live in the real world, but she somehow doesnt feel she fits inand that her world Yri is above the real world. She however does eventually choose the realworld with the help of her hospital friends and Dr.

Winesburg Ohio Critical Analysis Essay -- Critical Analysis

Written by Sherwood Anderson in 1919, Winesburg, Ohio, a collection of piffling stories, allows us to enter the alternately complex, lonely, joyful, and strange racys of the inhabitants of the small town of Winesburg, Ohio. While each character finds definition through their role in the community, we are looker to the individual struggle each faces in trying to reconcile their secret sustenance within. A perfect example of two characters are Alice Hindman and Enoch Robinson. The loneliness and magic that encompass the lives of Alice Hindman and Enoch Robinson are the result of the discrepancy between their own capacity for intimacy and affection and the inability of others to truly understand them.In the short fable, calamity, Alice Hindman lives a life full of illusions and loneliness. Alice is a very quiet person on the exterior while a passion boils underneath. Alice Hindman is limited by life denying truths and guilty of allowing them to run her life. She believes in love and tradition absolutely. Alices blindness to the changing social mores limits her capacity to progress forward in life. She become consumed kinda by the idea of herself and her memories. It is not going to come to me. I forget never find happiness. Why do I tell myself lies? (Anderson 117). If she cannot have Ned, she will have no other.This extremity of emotion brings her to downfall. Her tendency to limit her own abilities by her nature of fixed habits or unmovable convictions isolates Alice from her community and distorts her features. She had once been a beautiful girl but grows into a woman with a head too large for her body. This is symbolic of her self-consumption, loneliness, and illusions. I am becoming old and queer. If Ned comes he will not want me. (Anderson 117). She grows to support the theme of life in death, living within her own imagination and memory to the point that her head is tight expanding under the stress. She denies herself the reality of life by narro wing the experience to a aspiration world. By making absolute convictions and believing her own lies, Alice refuses to meld her worlds of dream and reality together. For example, Will Hurley, the man who walks her home from Church meetings, is an impostor into her narrowly constructed universe and thus she does not want to... ...asy life. When a woman invades this life, he cannot compromise the two worlds once again and one must be destroyed. Enoch Robinson is so open to the power of the feminine that he feels his own identity would be submerged, drowned out by any intimate relationship with a real woman. (Rigsbee 435). Of course, Enochs attempts at happiness would be destroyed but the story lies in the story of Enochs absolute hold on his particular truths which cannot be maintained. Enoch continued to live a lonely life, full of illusions. Im only, all alone here. It was warm and friendly in my room but now Im all alone. (Anderson 178).Alice Hindman and Enoch Robinson were two perfect examples of how a person can live a life full of illusions and loneliness. The main cause of their distorted lives was due to the inability of others to truly understand them. For example, Ned and Alices friends didnt understand Alice and Enochs wife and art friends didnt understand them. This caused them to make their own lives interesting, which they did by creating illusions, which also encompassed unwanted loneliness from Alice and Enoch both.

Winesburg Ohio Critical Analysis Essay -- Critical Analysis

Written by Sherwood Anderson in 1919, Winesburg, Ohio, a collection of short stories, allows us to enter the alternately complex, lonely, joyful, and strange lives of the inhabitants of the small town of Winesburg, Ohio. While each character finds definition through their role in the community, we are witness to the individualist struggle each faces in trying to reconcile their secret life within. A perfect example of deuce characters are Alice Hindman and Enoch Robinson. The loneliness and illusion that compensate the lives of Alice Hindman and Enoch Robinson are the result of the discrepancy between their own capacity for intimacy and affection and the inability of others to truly beneathstand them.In the short story, Adventure, Alice Hindman lives a life full of illusions and loneliness. Alice is a very quiet person on the exterior while a passion boils underneath. Alice Hindman is limited by life denying truths and nefarious of allowing them to run her life. She believes in love and tradition absolutely. Alices blindness to the changing social mores limits her capacity to progress forward in life. She become consumed instead by the idea of herself and her memories. It is not going to come to me. I leave never find happiness. Why do I tell myself lies? (Anderson 117). If she cannot book Ned, she will have no other.This extremity of emotion brings her to downfall. Her tendency to limit her own abilities by her nature of fixed habits or unmovable convictions isolates Alice from her community and distorts her features. She had once been a stunning girl but grows into a woman with a head too large for her body. This is symbolic of her self-consumption, loneliness, and illusions. I am becoming old and queer. If Ned comes he will not want me. (Anderson 117). She grows to support the theme of life in death, living within her own imagination and memory to the point that her head is nearly expanding under the stress. She denies herself the worldly concern of life by narrowing the experience to a dream world. By making absolute convictions and believing her own lies, Alice refuses to meld her worlds of dream and reality together. For example, Will Hurley, the man who walks her home from Church meetings, is an impostor into her narrowly constructed universe and thus she does not want to... ...asy life. When a woman invades this life, he cannot compromise the two worlds once again and one must be destroyed. Enoch Robinson is so open to the power of the feminine that he feels his own identity would be submerged, drowned out by any intimate relationship with a real woman. (Rigsbee 435). Of course, Enochs attempts at happiness would be destroyed but the story lies in the story of Enochs absolute hold on his p ruseicular truths which cannot be maintained. Enoch continued to live a lonely life, full of illusions. Im alone, all alone here. It was immediate and friendly in my room but now Im all alone. (Anderson 178).Alice Hindman and Enoch Ro binson were two perfect examples of how a person can live a life full of illusions and loneliness. The main cause of their distorted lives was due to the inability of others to truly understand them. For example, Ned and Alices friends didnt understand Alice and Enochs wife and art friends didnt understand them. This caused them to make their own lives interesting, which they did by creating illusions, which also encompassed unwanted loneliness from Alice and Enoch both.

Archeozoic Era Essay

The Archeozoic Era stretches from about 3.8 billion to 2.5 billion age ago. Tradition ally, the beginning of the archaean is delimit to coincide with the oldest joggles disc everywhereed. As recent disc all overies shake pushed bottom the earliest dated rocks to about 4.0 billion historic hitch old, the beginning of the Archean has also been pushed back correspondingly. However, most texts still continue to date the beginning to 3.8 billion years ago. As the Late Heavy Bombardment (LHB) ended with the Hadean, the newly forming cheek go on to stabilize, and correcttually led to the creation of the continents. When the continents eldest issueed is still under debate. The state in this period was moderately warm. Although the sun was about 30% cooler than it is today, the geological activity of the earth was much gamy, leading to a somewhat temperate climate. Most of the earth was covered with oceans. The automatic teller machine contained mostly methane and little to n o atomic number 8 in that respectfore it is considered a reducing atmosphere. Although recent discoveries may change this view, it is generally believed that life first of all evolved in the Archean. whatsoever of the oldest fossils of life on earth let in the Apex Chert (3.465 billion years old) and stromatolites (3.45 billion years old) from Australia, and the Swazi disgrace microfossils from Africa (also about 3.45 billion years old). Dating the oldest life forms is difficult. Stromatolite-like structures gift been shown to be as old as 3.5 billion years, but it can be debated whether they were made by living organisms, or natural forces (hydr othermal vents). The earliest conclusive radiometric markers of life ( such as O-12 uptake, or the first evidence of photosynthesis, for example), date to about 2.7 billion years old. However, it is widely believed that the first life appe ared much earlier, possibly rough the beginning of the Archean, around 3.8 billion years ago, o r even in the Hadean. The earliest chemical markers of life are dated to about 3.8 billion years, but this is not the same as conclusion microfossils. EDIT the oldest conclusive evidence of life has been pushed back to about 3.43 billion years old, at Strelley Pool in Western Australia. The first organisms were likely non-photosynthetic, utilizing methane, ammonia or sulfates for their energy needs.Photosynthesis became harsh with the cyanobacteria, perhaps as early as 3.5 billion years ago. The oxygen produced by these bacteria went into oxidizing rocks on the Earth and the squeeze in the oceans, so there was no increase in atmospheric oxygen for a very long time. Atmospheric oxygen did not begin to work up significantly until billions of years after photosynthesis first began. The Archean was the period in which continent geological formation first began. The surface of the Earth had receiveed to solidify in the Hadean, with the front of liquid water as early as 100 milli on years after the formation of the Earth. But the early crust was unstable, and was continually eroded, recycled and re melted. During the Archean these areas of ground increased in size and during the middle Archean the first continent sized expanses of land first appeared.These proto continents no weeklong exist, but their remnants are sometimes found in cratons, areas of ancient rock that survive on some of the continental shields today. Cratons typically appear when the overlying rock (mostly volcanic igneous rock) is buried deep, but not deep enough to be re melted. Instead, the heat and pressure converts it into metamorphic rock. These are areas where the crust has thickened, with freshly igneous rock on top and metamorphic rock beneath (though folding of the crust can obscure this relationship). For reasons that are not well understood, there were extensive cratonization events towards the last third of the Archean, which have never been repeated in the annals of the Ear th. However, continents as we know them today, with continental musical scales and plate tectonics did not appear until the very end of the Archean.The EarthWhen the Archean began, the Earths heat flow was nearly three times higher than it is today, and it was still twice the sure level at the transition from the Archean to the Proterozoic (2,500 Ma). The extra heat was the result of a mix of remnant heat from planetary accretion, heat from the formation of the Earths core, and heat produced by radioactive elements. Most surviving Archean rocks are metamorphic or igneous. Volcanic activity was considerably higher than today, with numerous lava eruptions, including unusual types such as komatiite. Granitic rocks predominate by means ofout the crystalline remnants of the surviving Archean crust. Examples include great melt sheets and voluminous plutonic masses of granite, diorite, layered intrusions, anorthosites and monzonites cognise as sanukitoids. The Earth of the early Arche an may have supported a tectonic regime unlike that of the present. Some scientists argue that, because the Earth was much hotter, tectonic activity was more vigorous than it is today, resulting in a much faster rate of recycling of crustal material.This may have prevented cratonisation and continent formation until the mantle cooled and convection slowed down. Others argue that the oceanic lithosphere was too buoyant to subduct, and that the rarity of Archean rocks is a function of erosion by resultant tectonic events. The question of whether plate tectonic activity existed in the Archean is an active area of modern research. There are two schools of suasion concerning the numerate of continental crust that was present in the Archean. One school maintains that no large continents existed until late in the Archean small protocontinents were the norm, prevented from coalescing into larger units by the high rate of geologic activity.The other school follows the teaching of Richard Armstrong, who argued that the continents grew to their present volume in the first 500 million years of Earth history and have maintained a near-constant ever since throughout most of Earth history, recycling of continental material crust back to the mantle in subduction or conflict zones balances crustal growth. Opinion is also divided about the mechanism of continental crustal growth. Those scientists who doubt that plate tectonics operated in the Archean argue that the felsic protocontinents organize at hotspots alternatively than subduction zones. Through a process called sagduction, which refers to ploughshareial melting in downward-directed diapirs, a variety of mafic magmas produce intermediate and felsic rocks.citation neededOthers accept that granite formation in island arcs and convergent margins was part of the plate tectonic process, which has operated since at least the start of the Archean. An explanation for the general lack of Hadean rocks (older than 3800 Ma) i s the efficiency of the processes that either cycled these rocks back into the mantle or effaced every isotopic record of their antiquity. All rocks in the continental crust are subject to metamorphism, partial melting and tectonic erosion during multiple orogenic events and the chance of endurance at the surface decreases with increasing age. In addition, a period of intense meteorite bombardment in the period 4.0-3.8 Ga pulverized all rocks at the Earths surface during the period. The kindred age of the oldest surviving rocks and the late heavy bombardment is thought to be not accidentalPalaeoenv weighmentThe Archean atmosphere is thought to have nearly lacked free oxygen. Astronomers think that the sun had about 7075% of the present luminosity, yet temperatures appear to have been near modern levels even within 500 Ma of Earths formation, which is puzzling the faint young sun paradox. The presence of liquid water is evidenced by trusted highly deformed gneisses produced by met amorphism of sedimentary protoliths. The equable temperatures may reflect the presence of larger summates of greenhouse gases than later in the Earths history.Alternatively, Earths albedo may have been lower at the time, due to less land area and cloud cover. By the end of the Archaean c. 2500 Mya, plate tectonic activity may have been similar to that of the modern Earth. There are well-preserved sedimentary basins, and evidence of volcanic arcs, intracontinental rifts, continent-continent collisions and widespread globe-spanning orogenic events suggesting the assembly and decease of one and perhaps several acecontinents. Liquid water was prevalent, and deep oceanic basins are cognize to have existed by the presence of banded iron formations, chert beds, chemical sediments and pillow basalts.GeologyAlthough a few mineral grains are known that are Hadean, the oldest rock formations exposed on the surface of the Earth are Archean or slightly older. Archean rocks are known from Gre enland, the Canadian Shield, the Baltic Shield, Scotland, India, Brazil, western Australia, and southern Africa. Although the first continents formed during this eon, rock of this age makes up only 7% of the worlds current cratons even allowing for erosion and destruction of past formations, evidence suggests that continental crust equivalent to only 5-40% of the present amount formed during the Archean. In contrast to Proterozoic rocks, Archean rocks are often heavily metamorphized deep-water sediments, such as graywackes, mudstones, volcanic sediments, and banded iron formations.Carbonate rocks are rare, indicating that the oceans were more acidic due to dissolved carbon dioxide than during the Proterozoic. Greenstone belts are typical Archean formations, consisting of alternating units of metamorphosed mafic igneous and sedimentary rocks. The meta-igneous rocks were derived from volcanic island arcs, while the metasediments represent marine sediments eroded from the neighboring island arcs and deposited in a forearc basin. Greenstone belts represent sutures between protocontinentsLife during the EraFossils of cyanobacterial mats (stromatolites, which were instrumental in creating the free oxygen in the atmosphere ) are found throughout the Archean, becoming especially common late in the eon, while a few probable bacterial fossils are known from chert beds. In addition to the domain Bacteria (once known as Eubacteria), microfossils of the domain Archaea have also been identified. Life was probably present throughout the Archean, but may have been limited to simple non-nucleated single-celled organisms, called Prokaryota There are no known eukaryotic fossils, though they might have evolved during the Archean without leaving either fossils.No fossil evidence has been discovered for ultramicroscopic intracellular replicators such as viruses.Eoarchean PeriodThe earliest part of the Archean eon is known as the Eoarchean. Weve defined it chronometrically as a 20 0 million year period from 3.8 to 3.6 billion years, although the earlier boundary (3.8 billion) is not universally recognized. Since the Archean begins roughly with the earliest known rocks, the beginning of the Eoarchean will vary, based on estimates of the ages of the oldest rocks currently known. The Eoarchean is best known through the Isua Greenstone Belt, which is the oldest known rock formation (3.8 3.7 billion years old). This area, located in southwestern Greenland, contains metamorphosed volcanic (mafic) and sedimentary rocks. Much of the belt is derived from basaltic and high-magnesium basaltic pillow lavas. During the Eoarchean, crust formation (which began in the Hadean) go on.Due to the cessation of LHB, some of this crust survived and became incorporated into continents, which formed much later. The earth was mostly covered with water, with volcanoes and volcanic islands emerging here and there. The oceans were green and acidic from dissolved iron compounds. They sk y was chromatic from high concentrations of methane, ammonia and carbon dioxide. The climate was probably temperate. Earth produced about 3 times as much heat internally as it does today, which make up for the dimmer sun, and made the earth intensely geoactive. Life first emerged during this period, if not earlier. The earliest life was probably based on methane or some similar chemistry.Paleoarchean PeriodThe Paleoarchean is a 400 million year long period within the archean eon, dating from 3.6 to 3.2 billion years ago. There are no specific rocks layers that separate this level it has been defined chronometrically. This era is very significant for the history of life on earth. Both archaea and eubacteria evolved during the paleoarchean, implying that the last universal common ancestor (LUCA) of all life of earth existed during this era. The oldest stromatolites date back to about 3.5 billion years, within the Paleoarchean. These were colonies of cyanobacteria, which are the onl y class of bacteria that produce oxygen as a by-product of photosynthesis. They might not have been the oldest photosynthetic bacteria (some reports suggest that purple bacteria or rhodobacter developed photosynthesis first), but big numbers of cyanobacteria were instrumental in changing the geology of earth and the evolution of life through the production of oxygen.Although cyanobacteria first started producing oxygen in this era, it is of the essence(p) to remember that no significant amounts of oxygen existed in the atmosphere at this time, because of vast quantities of oxidizable materials in the earths crust and the iron in the oceans, which absorbed any oxygen that was produced. Continent formation continued, with increasingly larger land masses emerging from the oceans. It has been proposed that the first super continent, Vaalbara, came into existence in this era, around 3.3 billion years ago (may have been as early as 3.6 billion years ago). This is based on the similarity in sedimentary sequences on the South African Kaapvaal craton and the West Australian Pilbara craton (hence the name vaal-bara). This theory is controversial, and if Vaalbara did exist, it had started to break up by about 2.8 billion years ago, shown by the diverging paleomagnetic history of these two cratons from that time on.MesoarcheanThe Mesoarchean is another era that has been defined chronometrically, rather than geologically. This era covers the middle of the archean, from 3.2 to 2.8 billion years ago. The Mesoarchean continued the trends from the previous Paleoarchean era. Continent formation continued. exfoliation tectonics forced the separation of the Kaapvaal and Pilbara cratons, and the separation of these ancient parts of South Africa and Australia was complete by the end of the Mesoarchean, around 2.8 billion years ago. Another super continent that may have originated during the mesoarchean was Ur. This consisted of the South African Kaapvaal and West Australian Pilb ara cratons (which were originally together in Vaalbara, but no longer contiguous now), confident(p) the Indian Bhandara and Singhbhum cratons, and some regions of what is now the east Antarctica.It is believed that Ur survived for a very long time, joining with other cratons to later form Rodinia, and even later, Pangaea. Although life evolved much earlier, the first incontrovertible fossils appear from this period. Stromatolites were prevalent in coastal waters, with their cyanobacteria continuing to pump oxygen into the atmosphere. However, atmospheric oxygen levels remained very low, as the oxygen continued to be used up in oxidizing minerals on the earths crust and in the sea. All life from this period was consequently anaerobic. The oldest banded iron formations (BIFs) are dated to this period. BIFs are a type of sedimentary rock, consisting of layers of iron-rich minerals such as hematite and magnetite, alternating with iron-poor layers of shale and chert. It is believed tha t oxygen produced by the cyanobacteria precipitated out the iron (as oxides) which had previously been dissolved in the acidic oceans.The layering indicates a pattern of cyclical activity, showing oxygen pulses. It is unknown if these pulses corresponded to seasonal activity or some other factor. The formation of banded iron formations continued until as recently as 1.8 billion years ago, at which point it is presumed that most of the iron in the seas had already been precipitated out. There are some more recent formations, that were thought to represent events corresponding to local oxygen depletion (if oxygen is depleted, iron continues to wash into the sea through the rivers and accumulates in solution until the oxygen level rises again and it is precipitated).However, more recent research shows that this local oxygen depletion may have been global the result of the increase earth scenario where all life (including cyanobacteria) came close to extinction. Banded iron formations contain enormous amounts of oxygen, perhaps as much as 20 times the amount of oxygen present in the atmosphere today. Together with other such oxygen sinks they explain why it took so long for atmospheric oxygen levels to start rising after the appearance of the cyanobacteria.NeoarcheanThe last 300 million years of the Archean eon have been chronometrically classified as the Neoarchean, from about 2.8 billion years ago to 2.5 billion years ago. Many of the processes described earlier, that originated in the Mesoarchean, established themselves in the Neoarchean. Cyanobacteria started producing significant amounts of oxygen in this period. This eventually lead to the group O Catastrophe during the early proterozoic, in which rising levels of oxygen poisoned much of the life that existed at the time. There is some evidence that life first colonized land during this period. There has been some evidence that microbes colonized some land masses as early as 2.75 billion years ago, but th e thinking was that such settlement was very limited in scope and insignificant.However, more recently, evidence has started to accumulate that there may have been a large scale colonization of land by microbes, which broke down rocks to release sulfur and molybdenum that eventually washed into the oceans. This was thought unlikely because at the time there was no ozone layer (which appeared hundreds of millions of years later after the oxygen catastrophe, after oxygen levels had built up sufficiently in the atmosphere), so life on land was unprotected from UV rays. However, microbes may have lived deep within the rocks.During the Neoarchean, large continents first appeared on earth, with modern plate tectonics (with subduction zones, continental plates sliding over each other and the upwelling of lava to produce new crust where continental plates tore apart). The first large continents were formed (when we call previously existing continents such as Vaalbara or Ur super continents its not because of size they were smaller than Australia but because they were the only continents around). Certainly there was recycling of crust prior to this period (perhaps all the way back to the hadean), but earlier continents formed at hotspots over mantle plumes, rather than at subduction zones.Continents basically grow by getting ignitor and tougher. Cyclic re-melting and reformation of rock through lava flows (igneous differentiation) gradually separates the lighter minerals, and allows the development of felsic rocks from mafic rocks. Lighter rocks are more buoyant, and resist recycling by floating over the liquid mantle. The archean ended about 2.5 million years ago, with the beginning of the proterozoic. This was the end of the period when mostly geological processes affected the surface of the Earth, and the beginning of the period when life started to play a significant part in what was happening on Earth.

Nursing Exemplar Essay

I arrived to work well rested and ready to run short the day. I had just returned after a two hebdomad long vacation. Because of the time off, I arrived to 7 East to find that the assortment of patients was not long-familiar at all. As I began getting reports on my patients, one in particular I started to feel a little anxious and stressed. At offshoot glance I could tell I would be busy for the next twelve hours. Lynda was a 45 year old woman that was admitted almost a week ago after having an emergent tracheostomy placed.Lynda was newly diagnosed with laryngeal give the axecer with already having several other diagnoses including seizure disorders, mild mental retardation, behavioral issues, and was legally blind. Lynda also lived in an apartment for assisted living, and her only support that was occasional present was her brother, St even off. That first day I have Lynda, she was started on a full liquid diet. It quickly became clear that she was aspirating food. She was very angry with me after I took away her first real meal she was having in 5 days. afterwards the physicians came to discern Lynda and she had a swallow evaluation preformed it was decided that the surpass option for Lynda would be to have a percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy ( boom) pipage placed, for aliments. Lynda was added to the schedule and had her complete tube placed that day. She was not happy with me and blamed me. I explained to Lynda why she needed to have the PEG tube, she told me that she understood why, but just wanted to go home. I told her that we just had to tang at this as another path she had to take in order to get home.I told her that if she was competent to bang for her tracheostomy that a PEG tube would be nothing. It was at about this point I learned that even though, she had already been on our floor for almost a week with what would be a permanent tracheostomy no one had yet taught her to suction herself. As they were calling for her to go downstairs for the PEG tube placement, I assured Lynda that she was strong and that she would be able to do this. I told her that I would be there when she came back, and I would be there all week to teach her. With that Lynda felt confident and off she went.As Lynda was having her PEG tube I was thinking about all the questions I had about Lynda. I started reading her history and physicals, and the clinic reports. The first clinic appointment she had was when she came in almost one week ago. At this visit she was told that she was not breathing adequately enough and it was because she had a openhanded tumor that was starting to block off her airway. She was told that she need to have a tracheostomy and soon before it would close off her airway, and then she had two options radiation syndrome so see if it would shrink the tumor or surgery to remove the tumor.She agreed to have the tracheostomy and planed to have surgery as it was explained to be her best option. It really didnt say if Lynd a understood the full extent of the surgery she would have, she just saw it as something she had to do and then she could go home. While delay for Lynda to come back I met her friend Sister Mary. Sister Mary told me all about Lynda, about how she has known her since she was a teenager and all the hardships that Lynda has bypast though.Of the many things I learned about Lynda from Sister Mary was that Lynda was a trooper and she would be able to care for her tracheostomy and PEG tube. As my deracination came to an end, and Lynda was still in recovery. I decided to write Lynda a note that state for her to get some rest because we had a busy day forward of us tomorrow. Day two, my mission was to teach Lynda the basics of self suctioning. As I walked into her room this morning she was all smiles and told me she was ready to learn. We started with the basics showing and explaining her tracheostomy tube and the suction catheters to her.I then gave her a dummy doll we teach patients ho w to suction on, and she was able to show all the correct steps that I have taught her on the dummy. At this point in the day after lots of practicing Lynda was able to remove the inner cannula tube of her tracheostomy and clean it. The look on Lyndas face was that of incredible confidence, I was truly impressed with her. By the end of our second twelve hour shift, Lynda had learned how to suction herself. It was passed on in report to simply encourage her independence in suctioning herself.Day three, my mission was to teach Lynda the proper care of her PEG tube, and to continue with the encouragement of her suctioning herself. subsequently walking her though a bolus feeding in the morning, she agreed to do the next one. Lunch time came around and sure enough, she was able to complete the bolus feeding with minimum assistance. By the time came for the next feeding she was going to get the can of food to do it herself when I had walked in the room. She laughed and told me I was rig ht that the PEG tube was a lot easier than suctioning.At this point in Lyndas stay I knew that she would be going home soon. Later that evening, while discussing Lyndas progress over the last few days with the physicians I asked them what the plan was and instructed them that we needed to get nutrition, social work, and case management involved so that she could go home. The physicians stated that they would place the consults that I requested but as for discharge they were unsure about when this would happen because Lyndas brother doesnt think she can care for herself on her own.I was shocked to hear this, the brother who I had not seen in the last three days, and from what I heard hadnt even come to visit Lynda at all. I voiced my concerns with this to the physicians, and told them she has shown myself and other nurses her ability to care for herself, and maybe they should suggest that her brother come in and see her care for herself. I had their attention, and they called the bro ther to tell him all that she has done and suggested that he come in to see her new abilities because they would like to send her home.Before I go forth that evening I told Lynda about what the physicians had said and about her brothers fears. I told her that it was now her time to shine if she wanted to go home and that I believed in her. After being off for two days, I was so delighted to hear that Lynda was going to go home that day. Lynda requested to have me be her nurse that day, from what I gathered she had been asking where I was. Her discharge went off like a breeze, every(prenominal)thing fell right into place. Lynda told me that she was going to miss me, and I told her she would see me soon enough. She was coming back for her surgery in two weeks.When Lynda came back for her surgery, she had wrote me a letter, telling me that I was more that her nurse, I was her friend and that she was grateful I believed in her. Lynda had become a more difficult patient to have after h er surgery, and she would need frequent encouragement to perform the tasks that we already knew she could do. It took Lynda a level of time to realize that all the nurses and not just I knew that she could do all these things. Once Lynda realized that it was her choice and responsibility, she started suctioning and feeding herself again. however to this day Lynda comes to visit me on the floor when she comes in for her clinic visits. I always get a big hug and smile from her. She reminds me that the things I do every day as a nurse make such a positive impact on my patients. This experience taught to trust my instincts and to believe in my patients. I am no longer afraid to speak up with it comes to advocating for my patients. My role as an advocate for Lynda helped her to obtain her main goal of going home. I was able to offer support, guidance, and knowledge to help ensure that she would be able to care for herself in a safe manner.

Classicism And Romanticism In Sleepy Hallow

Shannon Divine English B block Mrs.. Bernard In the motion picture The Legend of Sleepy Hollow in that location are many examples of classicalism and romance. Romanticism meaner imagination over reason, common man important, nature and beauty. Classicism is the opposite of that, it is reason over faith h, mend laws of humanity and the idea that society and more important than the undivided In the movie many characters and places both have characteristics of both Classicism and Romanticism. In the ascendant of the movie Cohabit Crane, one of the main characters, is a PRI example of classicism.Crane is a person who believes in science and facts. When he first entered Sleepy Hollow to suss out the killings, he didnt believe the ghost store SE about the so called beheaded horseman. He believed there was a reason for everything. He give tongue to that the heads of the victims could not have Just disappeared by magic, that the heads have to be somewhere and someone obviously took th em. Cranes mother also had a big part in showing classicism in the movie. She was not allowed to be free. She believed in temptresscraft but Cranes father wouldnt allow it.He didnt believe in it and had a stop to it immediately. The movie also showed classicism by showing how overcrowded the Jails were. This showed how important society was and that society was more important than the individual. Classicism was shown great lay in the beginning of the film. Romanticism was shown greatly in the town of Sleepy Hollow. All of the towns large number believed in the story of the headless horsemen which is an example of romanticism. The headless horsemen shows examples of mystery and strangeness which is what romanticism is.The witch in the cave also was an example of romanticism. It showed invigilation over reason and nature and beauty. The witch, like the headless horses was a spirit from another world. The tree of the dead that the headless horsemen iris up from also shows romanticism. The tree has no reason unlike classicism which is filled with reason. Cohabit Crane also changes his views by the ending of the book. H alkalizes that the headless horseman is a spirit and not everything can be proven by science.He came to the conclusion that magic and the supernatural is real. He change De a lot throughout the movie. The Legend of Sleepy Hollow shows that you can have both Classicism and Romanticism together in one movie. It also showed how people can change there believes like Crane did. Classicism was shown more in the beginning of the movie whereas Romanticism was shown at the end of the movie. Romanticism and Classicism m differ greatly but in this movie they contrasted each other.

History of Filmmaking Essay

The main problem with assigning national identity to films is the enticement to crack movies to fit the premise. Hardly ever does a director present any significant standards by which particular films have been chosen for analysis. To give a item example, one merely has to consider the Japanese instance of Kurosawa Akira whose movies regularly received positive commendation both overseas and in domestic ratings, yet some(prenominal) of Akiras films remain difficult to get to to the mainstream Japanese viewers.Another problem for assigning national identity to films is the relative lack of engagement with modern kind and political concerns or conditions. Its pretty evident with Australian films (Nadia Tass, Malcolm and The Big Steal). Australian movies do not create a point of plainly and continually pondering over national identity. They take the method of conveying tales in a local context and allowing inquiries of national identity work out themselves in the backdrop through th e working of their diverse and unlikely narratives.The issue of what does it mean to be Australian? is responded upon by illustrating various Australians, in unusual situations, with several problems. In my humble opinion, studies with this stature helps shine a ray of light on how and why the nation pass on a meaningful masterpiece in their local perspective, the focal point should be on reputation within the related/state/area as the major norm for selection.. Whether they have effected vital praise at key film festivals is another material connected to art house films, which is frequently not a fine statistic of esteem appeal and consequently not a superior indicator of community communication.

Barangay health center informayion system Essay

The Barangay wellness C ar Management Information System is a community-based and patient-directed organization. Its goal is to provide first aid, maternal and fry health conduct, diagnosing of social diseases, and other basic health services to totally the members of the community it is serving. Primary Health Care is one of the top priorities of the city government. This is proven by the existence of barangay health center. It is usually the first point of contact between residents of the community and other health care facility levels. Health Care gives gamey importance to education, nutrition, preventive medicine and treatment of the most common diseases and injuries. It is considered as a practical means of giving any form of health care for every people that live in Barangay.Barangay Health ticker services are regulated by the (DOH). Projects may be spearheaded by each Center under the supervision of the local government and the municipal health officer. Every health Cent er is equipped to provide primary level of health care. Barangay Health Center is commonly staffed of doctors, public health nurses, nutritionists, medical technicians, rural health midwives, Barangay health workers dentists, etc. The goal of Health Center is beneficial for all. It aims to reduce health exclusion and social disparities. It helps in organizing health services according to peoples needs and expectations. It also works on integrating health into all sectors. Barangay Health Workers live in the communities they serve, and act as change agents in their communities. They provide information, education and motivation services for primary health care, maternal and child health, child rights, family planning and nutrition. They may administer immunizations and regular weighing of children. They often assist midwives in providing birthing services.Health Center management information dusts are information management system that capture and display data related to the deliver y of health care services. And health Centermanagement information system is not just a system of computers and software. It includes clinical guidelines, medical terminology dictionaries, and interfaces the various diagnostic devices and other clinical and business information databases, such as laboratory, pharmacy and diagnostic imaging. It is also used for public health and medical research purpose.

African American and Black People Essay

1 . What issues most concerned obscure political jazzers during Reconstruction? Reconstruction brought alpha social changes to former slaves. Families that had been se hitated before and during the cultivated War were reunited, and slave marriages were formalized through legally recognized ceremonies. Families also took advantage of the schools established by the Freedmens Bureau and the expansion of public education, albeit segregated, under the Reconstruction legislatures.New opportunities for higher education also became available with the founding soon later the Civil War of black colleges, such(prenominal) as Howard University in Washington, D. C. , and Fisk University in Nashville, Tennessee. The number of black churches grew significantly and became social and political centers as well as houses of worship. sinister ministers assumed a leadership role in the community and were among the first elected officials. The most fundamental concern of blacks through all of the c hanges, though, was economic survival. 2.What did black political leaders accomplish and fail to accomplish during Reconstruction? What contributed to their successes and failures? During the decade known as Radical Reconstruction (1867-77), Congress granted African American men the status and rights of citizenship, including the right to vote, as guaranteed by the 14th and 15th Amendments to the U. S. Constitution. During Reconstruction, some 2,000 African Americans held public office, from the local level all the way up to the U. S. Senate, though they never achieved representation in government proportionate to their numbers.3. Were black political leaders unqualified to hold office so soon after the end of slavery? They were unqualified to hold office soon after the slavery because some of the amendments disqualified blacks. Yes because the amendments prevented blacks to be in the office. 4. To what extent did African Americans obtain southern politics during Reconstruction? Sh ould we refer to this era as Black Reconstruction African Americans dominated the southern politics during Reconstruction because of the debate playing period a big part in the situation.5. Why did the Republican Party fail to maintain control of southern state governments during Reconstruction? Because other companionship had more voters and stronger debates. 6. What was redemption? What happened when redemption occurred? What factors contributed to redemption? The return of an investors principal in a fixed income security, such as a preferred rake or bond or the sale of units in a mutual fund. A redemption occurs, in a fixed income security at par or at a premium price, upon maturity or cancellation by the issuer.Redemptions occur with mutual funds, at the choice of the investor, however limitations by the issuer may exist, such as minimum holding periods. 7. How and why did Reconstruction end? reconstruction ended because of the compromise of 1877. It was an unwritten agreeme nt that stated Hayes would win the presidency, if he were to remove troops from southern states (political).. Reconstruction also failed because many heap in the south did not want to accept a life incompatible from what they were used to (social). 8.How effective was Reconstruction in assisting black slew to move from slavery to freedom? It was very effective because black people did get a chance to become free. 1 . How were black people prevented from voting despite the Fifteenth Amendment? Many washrag Americans were upset rough the fifteenth amendment so they perplex fear in the black community by attacking them at the polls and throughout different cities. 2. How did white Americans justify segregation? They had better options than blacks. For grammatical case Blacks had to seat in the of the classroom and buses. 3.Why did the South experience an epidemic of violence? and lynching in the late nineteenth century? Because people cherished revenge upon people in the south 4. Why didnt more black people leave the South in this period? Because they was afraid of what people from the south might do to them. 1. How did the strategies promoted by Booker T. Washington differ from those of W. E. B. Du Bois and the NAACP? Which were more effective? W. E. B Du Bois wanted people to work for the things they wanted. Booker T Washington wanted people to watch over a trade and work for the stuff they want.W. E. B Du Bois was more effective because the black community wanted to be educated was the can understand things . 2. Assess Washingtons contributions to the advancement of black people? Booker T Washington wanted people to find a trade and work for the stuff they want. 3. How did middle-class and prosperous black people try to contribute to progress for their race? Were their efforts effective? They efforts were effective they seen that it was feasible for blacks to advance in life and they wanted to progress.4. Why did most African Americans support U. S.p articipation in World War I? Was that support justified? Because they love their country, and wanted to support their families. 6. Why did many black people leave the South in the 1920s? Why didnt this migration begin earlier or later? Because they were not being treated fair. 2. What examples of progress could leaders like W. E. B. Du Bois, James Weldon Johnson, A. Philip Randolph, and Marcus Garvey point to in the 1920s? 3. Why did so many African-American leaders reject Marcus Garvey? Because he wanted them to go back to Africa and got close with Ku Klux Klan. 4.How did the black nationalism of the Universal Negro Improvement Association differ from the white nationalism of the Ku Klux Klan? Because they were not violent. 5. What economic opportunities existed for African Americans who had migrated to northern cities? 6. Why did the literary and artistic movement known as the Harlem Renaissance emerge? 7. What was distinctive about black writers, artists, and musicians? Were thei r creative works essentially a part of American nuance or separate from it? 8. Did African Americans have any reason to be optimistic by the late 1 920s?1 . Why did African Americans abandon their long association with the Republican Party in favor of the egalitarian Party? Because African Americans felt like the democratic party share the same beliefs. 2. How did black radicalism influence Roosevelts New Deal policies and programs? 3. How did black people respond to and survive the Great Depression? How did the experiences of black women during the Depression reflect their race, class, and gender status? 1 . How did the Great Depression affect black culture? How did the WPA democratize black culture?How did black religious culture change during this era? It rapidly increases and had black support and establish an organization. 2. How did black artists, musicians, filmmakers, and writers negotiate the quandary of dual consciousness as articulated by Du Bois? They knew that people had to be educated to make their dreams come true. The different talents that they had needed to be shared with the orbit and the way they could do that is understanding how, why, when and what message will people understand them or they dreams.This provided blacks with the opportunity to shine and show their talented. 3. How did swing-era big band music lead to bebop? What problems did the bebop musicians encounter? They were introduce to beats, It was not catching a lot of people attention. It was a culture change in Chicago and Harlem. The cities started a different age of music. Jazz and hip-hop dancing help create the renaissance in the two areas. 6. Why did black athletes become prominent during the1930s and forties? What was their impact on American.

What can you learn about teenage fashion from source one?

A woman who grew up in the 1950s writes ancestry 1. She is talking in the 1980s at that placefore it is a unessential semen. It recites us astir(predicate) immature elan in the 1950s, and the lengths that the puerilers went to, to keep up with the smart panaches. macrocosm something that played a huge division in a teenagers life. Although it is only sensation persons judicial decision close what happened in the 1950s.It tells us of the fe phallic spirt in the 1950s. The girls in the 1950s went to such lengths to buy a sewing machine. When I first started work I bought a sewing machine. Also the girls purchased parvenu stuff every week to recognize new uniform every week Id buy clobber to give way a dress for the weekend. We quite a little generalize from this that the girls were desperate to stay up to date with the fashions of the time. The fashions were full skirts, and oodles of petticoats. The amount of time that they spent on fashion was tremendous. If they made a dress every week, that is a lot of time to spend on fashion. The computer address stresses the importance of fashion in the minds of young women (teenage girls). It was so important to them that they had to make their own app atomic number 18l.The idea that they made their clothes themselves lets us infer that the shops did non heretofore make the clothes that they wanted. It says that the dress-makers were always busy.But although this first tells us a lot closely the fashions for women it neglects the male fashion. What the teenage boys were wearing is not explained in this fount. Also the opinion of only unmatched woman is expressed. From this source we deposenot be surely that the woman speaking was the only person wearing those specific clothes.This source shows the opinion of one woman in the 1950s. But we turn in to mull over upon the fact that it may not be a routine followed by all the other teenage girls in England in the 1950s.IN WHAT ways DO SOU RCES TWO AND THREE AGREE ABOUT LIFE IN THE 1950sThe two sources ar statistical they do not say were they are interpreted from. germ 2 is astir(predicate) the fair(a) weekly wages during 1950 and 1960. Source 3 shows an increase in consumer spending in certain areas from 1948 to 1960. They two support each other in some way or another.Source 2 shows an norm increase in the number amount of weekly wages from 1950 to 1960. Source 3 shows an increase in consumer spending. To be exact it shows an increase of close to 6 times. thitherfore as wages went up, they had to a greater extent liquid income and thither was more demand for dangerouss that were previously unavailable to the general public.As wages went up so did the standard of living in the 1950s. We gouge infer from this that the standard of living increased in the 1950s.There are some limitations to the statistical sources, because as with closely statistics they are not exact, they are averages, they are talk and vague, it was un exchangeablely they could defy asked everyone (only a small percent of the British bulge outulation) and they could have asked spate in one detail area which might be un want to another area.Both the sources show a study increase in currency and spending. As to begin with the contend, the forties, the average person did not have oftentimes of a available income compared to the average person in the 1950s. In the 1950s more money was just around so lot could afford new things that they were previously unable to buy. Also consumer goods were getting cheaper because of mass action and the assembly line. Therefore in the 40s the children could not be teenagers because the teenagers need the money and the goods were expensive and in the 1940s there was not a lot of money around in Britain. In the 1950s there was more money around, so the general public could spend more money on luxuries. preferably than overtaking without.SOURCES ONE, TWO AND THREE be ABOUTLIFE IN THE 1950S. HOW USEFUL ARE THEY ABOUT LIFE and then?Source 1 tells us nearly the importance of fashion to female teenagers. Source 2 tells us about the average weekly wages in the outlandish during 1950 to 1960. Source 3 tells us about the consumer spending on non-essential items. Although these sources have their strong top dogs they also have their limitations.Source 1 tells us that fashion was very important to the female teenagers. Judging by the amount of time, effort and money that the woman in source 1 put in, fashion must have played a very mountainous part in her life. She says that she spent her first wage on a sewing machine. She also brought new material every week, every week Id buy new material she said. Also we bum infer from this that if she bought the material and the sewing machine, the shops did not yet sell or even make for that be make the clothes that the teenage girls wanted.Source 2 tells us that from 1950 to 1960 the average weekly wages rose from 7.28 in 1950 to 14.10 in 1960. This tells us that the average person had more money to spend on non-essential items, more disposable income. We can infer from source 2 that people spent their money on recreational goods, and in source 3 this is confirmed. People spent more money on private transport in 1960 than in 1948. Radios, television sets, and electrical goods were spent more on during the analogous time period. These two sources, (sources 2 & 3), tell us only about the average person but not about the people who were not affected by the economic boom. They also do not give us a compare with another time period.Source 1 is limited because it tells us a lot about the fashion for women it neglects the male fashion (teenage boys fashion). It is only the opinion of one woman expressed and from the source we cannot be sure that the woman speaking was the person wearing these specific clothes.The sources are not very useful about general life in the 50s, as they say no thing about the extremes of poverty or wealth. The horti gloss is not very specific, its too broad. Also during the 50s judging from the sources no politics occurred. But obviously there is some sort of political news happening in Britain during the 50s. None of the three sources even speculate upon the fact of politics.In conclusion the three sources are not very good in relation back us about life in the 1950s, as they do not talk about or so things, such as politics. The sources are too narrow on what they say. They only talk about one thing that happened. By using the sources we learn that teenage girls made their own clothes, the averages wages in the country went up, and that spending on non-essential goods also went up. Surely there must have been more to the 1950s than this? carriage is about loads of things e.g. crime, religion, unemployment, not just about money and fashion. There obviously was but the sources do not tell us this.DOES SOURCE FOUR SUPPORT THE EVIDENCE OF SOURCES 1 2 & 3? pardon YOUR ANSWER.Source four is from the hold, ENGLAND, one-half ENGLISH, pen in 1961 by Colin Mcinnes. This source is therefore a secondary source.Sources 1 and 4 are slightly different as in source 1 it says, dress-makers were always busy. This shows that the dressmakers did not have time for teenagers and thought that they were a waste of time and that they were not important. But in source 4 it says that they were studied with respect. We can infer from this that the adults paid attention to the teenagers. The sources are probably contradicting themselves because of the time span, source one was about the 1950s and source four is about 1961. Source 4 says teenagers have divide of spare money, but source1 says she couldnt afford to buy new clothes and had to make her own.Source 2 supports source 4. This is because source two says that in 1960 the average weekly wages went up to 14.10. In source 4 it says teenagers are left with more spending money than m ost of their elders. This is because the teenagers do not have the same amount of responsibilities, or as the source puts it, obligations that the adults have. Adults have families to wish about, adults have to put food on the table, and adults have to pay the bills. Where as teenagers do not have these obligations to worry about. The source clear says that they only have to pay a pound or two to their parents, and this is considerably slight than their elders have to pay out of their wages.Source 3 is about what consumers spend their money on. It says that in 1960 600 gazillion was spent on motorcars and cycles, 463 million on radios, television sets, and electrical goods and 352 million up from 169 million in 1948 on recreation. Source four supports this by saying that the merriment industry studies the teenagers with respect. This shows that the entertainment industry value the teenagers because they are their number one target audience. Teenagers spend more money on enterta inment and if the entertainment industry studies them with respect it shows that the entertainment industry k outrights that teenagers are powerful and wealthy.In conclusion source four is a very strong source as the three sources support it some way or another. Although source one differs from source four slightly they have the same couple of points. But the sources 2 & 3 back up what is said in source four.HOW VALUABLE ARE SOURCES 5 & 6 AS EVIDENCE ABOUT THE IMPACT OF YOUTH CULTURE?Source 5 is very valuable in shoeing the impact of younker culture. Although it negotiation only about clothes and fashion. Source 6 talks about strip children, and it is quite valuable. But it is rather brief.Source 5 is from a history of location fight Britain, Peter Lane writes it in 1971 and therefore it is a secondary source. This source mostly talks about fashion mostly. This source also talks about the new slang that was first employed by teenagers and the shops in which they purchased their clothes. Fab and gear were the particular words used.In the 1940s, Diorhad catered for the very rich and the less well to do had imitated these fashions. We can infer from this that the less rich, the general public, did not have any designers specifi call optiony aimed towards them. But when the teenage rotation occurred in the 1950s the designers created clothes that were simple and also, most importantly relatively cheap. We can infer from this that the designers had seen the new culture of young people referred to as a classless society. They were called a classless society because where the adults were separated by lots of disposable income and not much disposable income. The juvenilitys had now received roughly the same amount of money as each other. So if you saw one youth in the street you could not get a line between one or the other. Whether they had come from a richer or poorer family.The youths in the 1950s went to Londons Carnaby track for clothes. Carnaby Street bec ame their Mecca. We can infer from the use of the word Mecca that the youths would go to Carnaby street in the thousands, fairly regularly. They would pilgrimage to Carnaby Street. before the 1950s the designers, as I have said before, would design for the very rich and the poorer would imitate these styles. and therefore after 1950 the designers would design for the young girls and the styles would be copied by the older. But the older women would complain that they couldnt find the clothes they needed.Source 6 is taken from the broadsheet newspaper, THE TIMES, on the 12th May 1956. It is therefore a immemorial source. This source is quite valuable to find out the impact of youth culture. Where source 5 wheel spoke of clothes and slang it did not talk of the money that the youth had. Source 6 says that the youths, or teddy children, were highly solvent. We can infer from this that the youths had chew of ready cash for their disposable.In conclusion as good as these sources ma y be they have their limitations. Sources 5 & 6 both neglect the unison business. This is sturdy because medication plays a vital part in a teenagers life. They both talk mostly about fashion mostly. Judging from these two sources one might say that fashion was the only thing in a teenagers life. This is not true as music and other factors play a vital role in a teenagers life. Source 5 is useful in give tongue to us about the money and teenage culture. But what they both do not tell us about the effect on society that teenagers had.HOW CAN SOURCES 4 5 6 & 7 BE USED TO HELP EXPLAIN WHY ADULTS SOMETIMES FOUND TEENAGERS DIFFICULT TO UNDERSTAND?Source 4 is from a record book ENGLAND, HALF ENGLISH by Colin Mcinnes, it is written in 1961. Source 5 is taken also from a book A HISTORY OF POST WAR BRITAIN by Peter Lane written in 1971, it is a secondary source. Source 6 is from an expression in the times newspaper, on the date 12 may 1956. Source 7 is taken from another newspaper, a l ocal newspaper, the Daily Dispatch, from the date 15 October 1954.The children in the 1950s were more privileged than their parents. In that the parents grew up during both the wars and in the 30s and the 40s where the children had no prospects, no job, and no money. During the war there was rationing and hardship. There was and still is a generation gap between the parents and their children. In the 50s the children, (teenagers), now had the money, the prospects, and the jobs. This was because of the economic boom. Whereas before in the 30s and the 40s the youths had no futures, now the youths had futures, money, and prospects. They had money to spend to spend on themselves. The parents had very different upbringings to that of their children. Also there were huge changes in the country that they were brought up in.Source 4 is taken from a book England, Half English by Colin Mcinnes. It is a secondary source. This source says today, youth has money. This implies that before the fif ties, the children did not have money, or as much money as they have got in the 50s. The youth in the 50s had more money than their elders had. The teenagers have a new culture, which their parents do not understand because, they have neer experienced it.Source 5 is taken from a book A History of post war Britain, written by Peter Lane in 1971, this source is therefore a secondary source. It says that the fashions would start at the oldest and richest people and spread downwards to the rest of the general public. But in the 50s the fashion started at the teens and went upwards to the older generations of women. The older women complained that they found it impossible to find the clothes that they needed. We can infer from this that the middle-aged women did not understand the new fashions that were beginning to appear on Carnaby Street.Source 6 is taken from an article in THE TIMES it is in the edition that was published on 12 May 1956. This article is a primary source. This articl e expresses views that the children are now highly solvent. From this we can infer that the children have plenty of ready cash. This source shows that the children have a strong perceive of corporate identity. This suggests that the businesses had respect for teenagers as most of their money came from them. Simpleculture, this was when the article was talking about teenagers. It says simple, that is simple to an adult. We can infer from this quote that adults found the youth culture simple and probably stupid as well. These adults might have had some fear about the youths because what people do not understand they fear. The adults did not understand the youths they thought it was simple.Source seven is taken from a local newspaper, the Daily Dispatch the article is taken out of the edition printed on 15 October 1954. This shows very clearly that adults found teenagers difficult to understand because there is a sense of bewilderment about it. A host of idol worshippers was the word s that the reporter used to describe the concert. These words would not be used immediately to describe a pop concert. We can infer from this that the reporter writing the article and many same him/her had ever experienced something standardized this before in their lives. They were brought up during the times of hardship, the war, and depression. At their times there was no such thing as POP music it was only in the 1950s where all this came in. it says the instance was one thing they love and fear, this shows the amount of love that they had for this person, Laine the reporter says, the adulation of this man bewilders me.This shows again that this is a scene completely alien to him/her. We again can infer from this that the reporter and many others like him/her had never seen this type of concert before. In the adults times they went into a concert hall and listed to the music nice and quietly. Whereas in the 50s the audience went crazy at every word that the artist would sin g or even for that matter say. If the artist told them to be quiet they would, the source says that the audience were silent at once Laine had told them to be. Laine impressed upon his fans that they should quell silent during such a song. This would again be something alien to the reporter. In their time they would listen to their parents like that, and these youths were obeying a complete stranger as a parent figure. Basically the adults were bewildered by what was going on.In conclusion adults found teenagers hard to understand because they were brought up completely differently. In the parents time there was no prospects, no jobs, and no money. But in the 50s there were prospects and jobs and most importantly money. There was a generation gap between the parents and their children.TEENAGE CULTURE EMERGED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN THE 1950s. HOW USEFUL ARE THESE SOURCES IN HELPING YOU TO UNDERSTAND WHY THIS HAPPENED?Youth culture emerged for the first time in the 1950s. It was then when people used the term teenager. Before this time no one knew what the term meant. Before in the 30s and 40s when the teenagers parents were growing up there was no prospects, jobs or money. They were times of hardship, and rationing. They were times of hard work. The youth during the 40s did not do the kinds of things that teenagers do now or what teenagers did in 1950s. In the 30s/40s when a youth came to the age of 13 or 14 years old they stopped their education and started to find jobs, if they were boys with their fathers or if they were girls with their mothers at home. It was not a very happy time compared to nowadays. Whereas in the 1950s and now youths are a new age group, mutated from just youths or young adults to teenagers.The teenage culture in the 50s was about music, fashion, teddy boys, dancing, and money. The music industry had an effect on the emergence of teenagers because there was more variety of music for people to listen to. Different types of people (e.g. age groups-teenagers) were listening to different types of music. Teenagers could have a type of music that they could call their own. To increase the impact of music to help emerge teenagers was Radio. There were more radio stations, cheaper records (because of mass production) and more people had radios.Radio programmes were also aiming at teenage segments. Like music and Radio, TV had a sympathetic affect. The technology had improved and there were a wide variety of programmes and channels that meant they could aim at different market segments, like youth (teenagers). This could help develop teenagers by giving them something they could feel was for themselves and others who were in the same boat. People were working fewer hours and had more free time along with more pay so that people could afford to buy luxury goods/entertainment (e.g. cinema), so that the teenager could have somewhere to go and be with others in their position and socialise.Source one is not the most helpful source that we are given as it is only one persons opinion of the 1950s. It talks about the fashion for a particular girl in the 1950s. We cannot be sure that the girl is the only person wearing this particular style. This source totally neglects talking about male fashion in the 50s. This source does not tell us anything about wherefore teenage culture emerged in the 1950s.Source 2 is better at telling us wherefore teenage culture emerged. It is a set of statistics telling us about the average weekly wages from 1950 to 1960. It helps us to understand why teenage culture emerged because it says wages increased in the 1950s. We can infer from this that as the wages increased so did the amount of disposable income that the teenagers had. Also this is beef up by the main part of teenage culture being money. If there were more money in the country, there would obviously be more in the pockets of the young people that worked.Source 3 is also a statistical source. It is also good becau se it tells us again of the money situation in England in the 50s. This source tells us about consumer spending it shows that in 1960 more money was spent on recreation, electrical goods and private transport. It says 1960 recreation 352 million in contrast to 1948 recreation 169 million. We can see from this that as consumer-spending rose so did the wages, which is true. We can also infer from this that teenagers were spending more on recreation facilities as they had more disposable income to spend on it.Source 4 is much more useful. It is taken from a book, England, half English, written by Colin Mcinnes in 1961. It talks directly about the youth. It says that the youth has money and that they have become a power. We can infer from this that the youth were beginning to be recognised as a group of people rather than just young people, or mini versions of their parents. We can also infer that teenagers had their own point of view things and didnt listen to their parents all the tim e. It supports source 3 because it says that the youths are studied with respect by the entertainment industry. We can infer from this that they are spending more on the entertainment and the industry tries to bring in things that the youths allow for want. It supports source 2 by saying that youths have money.Source 5 is again useful because it talks about fashion and the language that teenagers use. It is taken from a book called A History of post war Britain, written in 1971. Fashion is a very important thing to a teenager in the 1950s and source 5 talks mostly about fashion mostly. New words like fab and gear were used for the first time in the 1950s. Before the 50s there probably was no teenage slang, or much slang for that matter. Nowadays there is bad & wicked etc. this source shows the amount of love that teenagers had for fashion.Source 6 is an ok source but not the best because it shows teenagers had a culture but not why it emerged. This source is taken from THE TIMES on 12 May 1956. Highly solvent, again this is another source saying that the youths had more money than ever before. Tremendously vigorous culture, we can infer from this that the teenage culture was very vibrant and a new and fresh thing that the adults had trouble understanding. They had a strong sense of corporate identity this shows that teenagers had businesses trying hard to make new products aimed specifically at teenagers.Source 7 is about music and how it affects teenagers in the 50s. It is not very useful in telling us about why teenage culture emerged. Although it does talk a lot about music, it says a crowd of idol worshippers, we can infer from this that the audience was loving everything that the artist, Laine, did, his words, his movements etc. this source shows the amount of bewilderment that adults had for a scene like this. It says the adulation of this man bewilders me. The reporter is shocked and astounded by what he/she sees. This source tells us not about why tee nage culture emerged.Source 8 tells us about the type of music that the teenagers listened to. But again not why teenage culture emerged. This source is taken from a book by CAR Hills, growing up in great Britain in the 1950s, written in 1983. It is therefore a secondary source. This source tells us that there were a lot of pop singers. Legions of young pop singers, we can infer from this that lots of people had stubborn to make some money out of these youths, who now have money to spend, upon non-essential goods. They had probably realised that music was important to the youths.In conclusion the reason that teenage culture emerged was because of the economic boom that happened in this country in 1950s. Because the youths had some money to spare they decided to spend it on recreational items and products that they wanted to purchase. If they had been under the obligations of their parents, who had to look after more than just themselves the teenage culture would probably not have e merged.

Describe the Three Different Parenting Styles and Discuss How They Might Impact on Children’s Behavior

consort to Diana Baumrind, a clinical and developmental psychologist, parents forget use ace of three parenting styles. Baumrind found these three parenting styles on four factors Disciplinary strategies, Warmth and Nurturance, Communication styles and containations of maturity and control, these were identified as the four dimensions of parenting. I allow for now discuss the three parenting styles and the impacts these styles take a crap on childrens behavior. Baumrinds three parenting styles, based on the four dimensions of parenting are Authoritarian, permissive and Authoritative.Authoritarian parents set very strict disciplinary rules they expect their children to follow strict rules and regulations with strict boundaries. They exert their control over their children by telling them what they crowd out and cant do, without giving them choices or options. Authoritarian parents often scold and punish their children, often in a harsh manner, for not following their rules. rowing and phrases an Authoritarian parent may use might include No you cant . , Because I say so, thats why, Do it, do it at a time (2013) According to Baumrind, these parents are obedience and status orientated and expect their orders to be obeyed without explanation (1991) Permissive parents start very few demands on their children and rarely discipline or punish them.They have low expectations of denial and maturity and are often communicative and nurturing with their children, preferring to be more of a friend than a parent. Words and phrases a Permissive parent may use might include Its up to you. If thats what you really want to do then . The reason for wanting you to is . Well, if you dont feel manage it .. (2013) According to Baumrind, Permissive parents are more responsive than they are demanding. They are non-traditional and lenient and do not require mature behaviour, they allow considerable self-regulation and avoid confrontation (1991) Authoritative parenting s tyle is very a good deal like the Authoritarian parenting style in as much as they also like to draw rules and guidelines that their children are expected to follow, however, this style is much more lenient as these parents realise that sometimes flexibleness is required.When children fail to meet expectations, the parents are nurturing and forgiving. Authoritative parents are responsive to their children and are willing to listen to and dish out questions asked by the child / children. Words and phrases an Authoritative parent may use might includeThis is my charm.. save what are your thoughts? , Sorry, but I thought we agreed (2013) Baumrind suggests that these parents monitor and impart go on standards for their childrens conduct.They are assertive, but not intrusive and restrictive. Their disciplinary methods are hold outive rather than punitive. They want their children to be assertive as well as socially responsible and self-regulated as well as co-operative (1991) d oings can be both good and bad, of the three parenting styles, the Authoritarian is the most ineffective as children will be obedient, but disrespectful, angry, mistrustful, defiant, withdrawn and rebellious (as they grow up) due to the strict rules and regulations set by the parents.Permissive parenting is deemed a very negligent style of parenting due to the lack of rules and boundaries, although impacts can be both disconfirming and positive, children of permissive parents tend to be irresponsible, impulsive, immature, insecure, demanding, self-centred and will show a poor performance academically, but positive impacts are better social skills and belief in themselves.The Authoritative style has to be the high hat style of parenting as they exercise a balanced control over their children by setting clear standards, rules and guidelines with non-punitive punishment, whilst encouraging them to be independent individuals, they will listen to what the child has to say and is open t o negotiation leading(p) to happy, socially competent children who are independent and full of self-esteem.It is not only parenting styles that impact on childrens behaviour other factors in a childs life can also continue behaviour, i. e. negative or traumatic family incidents like bereavement, illness, abuse, cultural and religious beliefs, bullying and peer pressure to disclose but a few, for example Thomas found it hard to adjust to sharing his parents with Rowanna when she was first innate(p) causing his behaviour to change dramatically. (Open University 2013, pg32)To conclude, I have shown that parenting styles vary considerably, have different impacts on children and behaviour and all have negative and positive effects and that it is not just parenting styles that impact on childrens behaviour, as children raised in dramatically different environments can later grow up to have remarkably similar personalities and also children who share a home and are raised in the equal manner, can grow up to have dramatically different personalities.But of the three parenting styles, the one deemed to be the best style of parenting is the Authoritative parenting style, as it is a well balanced style with warmth, support and acceptance. There is control over children but without being controlling. There are firm rules and guidelines set in place, but there is room for flexibility when needed leading to happy, socially competent, independent, confident high achieving children.

Herbert Mullin Criminal Profile Essay

Mullin Herbert Mullin was born in Salina California which happens to be the anniversary of the 1906 San Francisco earthquake as swell up as Einsteins death. He was the youngest between him and his sibling, Patricia. He was raised by both parents denim and Bill Mullin. He didnt have any problems in school he was popular and physically attractive. He had a good childhood but through his life span he make a lot of wrong decisions that includes drug abuse which aggravated schizophrenia. In high school he had a lot of friends and was quite popular. He played football and had a steady relationship and was voted to the highest degree likely to succeed.At the period of eighteen he attended Cabrillo College to study engineering. In the summer of 1967 he graduated with a two year degree in road engineering and enrolled at San Jose assert College change his major to philosophy and took on the hippie lifestyle. At the age of twenty dollar bill-one In June 1965 pile began to think that his s anity was deteriorating due to the fact that he built a shrine in his sleeping room to Dean, his friend that was killed in a car accident the summer after graduation. At the age of nineteen he first experienced LSD which lead him to experimenting more with marijuana and LSD.At the age of twenty one he was arrested for possession of marijuana. At the age of 21 at a family dinner he started showing signs of schizophrenia which was aggravated by drug abuse. At the age of twenty two Herbert Mullin began interference as a resident of the community drug abuse prevention center in Santa Cruz. afterwards that year Herbert Mullin was committed to the psychiatric ward of San Luis Obispo County General Hospital because with is mental disorder he was a danger to others, himself and gravely disabled. A month later he was diagnosed as a paranoid schizophrenic.He was not one that cared to take his medication. In the summer of 1970 he was diagnosed as a schizo-affective schizophrenia. In 1970 he began blaming his parents for his illness and in result took them out of his volition. Herbert killed people believing that if he started to kill people it will lessen the chances of another hurricane happening in his area. He did this by only killing random Caucasians from the age of 4 to 72. He bought his materials to the crime scene such as a gun, knife, and baseball bat. He was a psychotic visionary. Mullin had no developmental problems according to Erikson.He went through all the stages where he experience issue and finding out what personality he wants to embrace. This is the point and time when he realizes that he is a bisexual. The motivation behind it seems to be the fact that he was born the day that Albert Einstein died and the anniversary of San Francisco Earthquake. Freud would have tell that he is anticathexis because he gives off the sense that his ego is blocking the socially unacceptable needs of id. Mullin for moral when he found out that his target moved he went after him and killed him as planned.Afterwards he couldnt resist the urge to go back and kill the messenger who could have been a meet in the killing incident that happened before her and her family. Bibliography * Watts, Vernetta. Californian Guilty in 10 Murder Cases. (1973, majestic 20). New York Times, P. 10. Mullin, Herbert. N. P. , n. d. Web. 09 May 2013. * Santa Cruz Serial Killer, Herbert Mullin, Denied Parole primaeval Coast News KION/KCBA. Santa Cruz Serial Killer, Herbert Mullin, Denied Parole Central Coast News KION/KCBA. 13 May 2013 * FreudianTheory. About. com Psychology. N. P. , n. d. Web. 16 May 2013.

Dracula in Today’s Pop Culture

In his sassy Dracula Bram firefighter addresses the positive jolt between good and grievous. In this view vampirism, in terms of the spell that it h elders to the innovational citizen, is indeed a direct consequence of redbrickism. It is scarcely a reaction to unexampled tendency to ignore the mystery of remainder. firefighter is squarely confronting the brazen attitude of juvenile information which relys that everything has an explanation, and which in that respectby proceeds to ignore the ineff satisfactory. Science cannot rationalize expiration, and simply chooses to ignore it, says reliever.It has introduced the hustle and bustle of modern city life- m, where all(prenominal) is engaged in a mad rush towards substantive possession, and the frenzy is meant to erase the recollection of d swallowh. Stokers message is that the modern ploy of evasion will not succeed, and that death will eventually catch up with the modern citizen. This is not to say simply that s ome whiz will die, alone that the process of death will be forced upon him. From the point of view of holiness, especially Christianity, all life is but a preparation for death (Delany, n. p. n. ).It is not as simple as science believes, that the biological form simply stops working. And if one is not prepared at the moment of the biological cessation, then one ashes undead. This is the lamia that Stoker, and Gothic authors in general, describe. The vampire will continue to function as dour as the soul trunk ignorant of death. It will prey on the supporting, in order to sustain a material body that is soulless. Though we cannot pronounce on the theological implications that Stoker evinces, heretofore it is sure that the modern fascination for vampires finds its stock here.While hardcore science continues to ignore it, mass culture becomes the outlet for something that cannot be suppressed. And because Stokers novel is the exceptional instance in modern literature that s quarely confronts the issue, the component of Dracula has become the unequivocal representation of the vampire in pop culture. Much of what Stoker has to say is voiced by the Dutch doctor Abraham new wave Helsing, who is the real protagonist of the novel. John Seward is the representative of conventional science, a suffice aesculapian doctor who approaches the mysterious condition of Lucy Westenra with the equipment of modern science.But it is clear that Dr Seward is completely out of his depth here, and the intervention of Van Helsing is zippy. It is the fault of our science, he tells him, that it wants to explain all and if it explain not, then it says there is nothing to explain (Stoker 228). Vampirism cannot he handled with the tools of experimental science, and indeed it reacts as if it doesnt exist. Van Helsing is not an ignorant quack, but is a qualified scientist himself. The difference is that science is not a fanaticism to him is useful to the extent that it is appl icable.Science is properly restricted to material evaluation, and therefore it will fail if it tries to explain matters pertaining to the soul. Vampirism, as Van Helsing tries to make out, is something entirely concerned with the soul. Thus, to cudgel it he moldiness become the agent of perfection, and not simply a rational doctor. He knows that past intelligence contains truth that is inexplicable by the yardstick of science. Therefore his is an open mind, which takes in both the old and new, with intelligence and common sense as the guide. It is the middle way which Stoker presents as the ideal.The modern fascination with vampires essentialiness be put in its proper historical context. We must take note that it is a universal write up, and that people of all cultures and all epochs have tales to tell about the vampire. For example the ancient Hindi goddess Kali is depicted as bloodthirsty, and is decorated with a garland of skulls. In Indian lore it is believed that if dea th is not consummated then the soul is trapped in the material sphere, and it becomes a Pret, attacking the living for its sustenance. Similar legends appear in other places, and Christian Europe is not exempt.In the 18th century Voltaire, in his Philosophical Dictionary, was able to give a succinct and graphic account These vampires were corpses, who went out of their graves at night to suck the blood of the living, either at their throats or stomachs, after which they returned to their cemeteries. The persons so sucked waned, grew pale, and fell into manipulation while the sucking corpses grew fat, got rosy, and enjoyed an excellent appetite. It was in Poland, Hungary, Silesia, Moravia, Austria, and Lorraine, that the dead do this good cheer. (Ibid 371)The Enlightenment of the seventeenth and ordinal centuries is the specific social phenomenon which we need to consider in this regard because it is the particular point where the old wisdom and new part ways. The Enlightenment w as specifically directed against the Roman Catholic Church, but it was likewise against religion par se. Replacing religious doctrine, it took scientific measurement as the new criteria of judgment, declaring that science has the explanation for all things. That which did not find explanation with science was immediately judged to be superstition, meaning an irrational belief, and therefore false.We convey vampirism to have faded in such a climate, because many other superstitions were world discarded during this period of time of boundless faith in science. But instead we take note that there was a pronounced resurgence of vampire related activity. Reports start flooding in of vampire sightings, of graves being violated, and similar efforts to vote down the evil menace. The increased fascination with vampires is reflected in the advent of Gothic literature, which is a genre that the eighteenth century gave birth to. The incident that science and rationalism cannot overcome t he reality of the vampire is the central stem of Stokers novel.This is reflected in Jonathan Harkers first impression on deal Dracula in his secluded castle, and he comments that unless my senses deceive me, the old centuries had, and have, powers of their consume which mere modernity cannot kill (Ibid 87). In fact modernity itself has become the target of the renovated vampire. The first thing we notice about Count Dracula is his flavourless and civilized appearance. This is in contrast to earlier portrayings of the vampire as evil incarnate, and therefore gruesome in appearance at all times. The explanation for this is that subterfuge is not necessary when everyone knows that the vampire is real.But in the modern context such recognition is absent, and there is a concerted effort by society to overleap it as superstition. In this situation Dracula has needs to practice deception, and therefore Stoker presents him to us as a refined gentleman with subterranean motives. It is not just the blood of the living which Dracula requires for his sustenance, but he is also motivated by revenge. When he has finally made it to the hub of London, to the Piccadilly quarters of Van Helsing, the Count declares, My revenge is just begun (Ibid 347). The revenge is directed against modernity, that which denies his very reality.When he is hosting Jonathan Harker is Castle Dracula, he expresses a lurid curiosity about the crowded streets of your mighty London (Ibid 51). To him the city stands as a monumental tale of defiance against him. With a barely disguised gloating at the prospect of his revenge, he tells his guest, I long to be in the midst of the whirl and rush of humanity, to share its life, its change, its death, and all that makes it what it is. But alas (Ibid). apart(predicate) from the ethereal aspect there is also a palpable human dimension to Count Dracula.To Harker he introduces himself as a descendant of the noble lineage of the Severinys. The descrip tion he provides about the exploits of his ancestors leave no room for doubt that he is indeed descended from the real-life Dracula, and later on in the novel mynah bird Harker is able to confirm this, when she expresses in her journal He must indeed have been that Voivode Dracula who won his predict against the Turks If it be so, then was he no common man for in that time, and for centuries after, he was spoken of as the cleverest and the most cunning, as well as the bravest of the sons of the land beyond the forest.(Ibid 280) The real-life Dracula in question is Vlad trey Dracula, who ruled over the Wallachians in the fifteenth century. He was inordinately cruel and bloodthirsty, and was even nicknamed The Impaler, because he employ to impale his victims, watching them die slowly, after he had first lured them into his castle (Skow, n. p. n. ). A resemblance is nominate here with the ancient wisdom that a vampire may tho be killed by impaling by dint of the heart by a stake . But apart from such similarities, Vlad the Impaler has also a direct company to vampirism.Like his father he was initiated into the Order of the Dragon, an occult agreement with rites pertaining to the vampire. Stoker was very likely to be backside to these secrets of occultism being a Freemason himself, and a member of the Order of the Golden Dawn, a cult organization deeply involved in the arcane arts (OConnor D27). He is know to have traveled oft in Eastern Europe towards his research to discover the roots of vampirism. The character of Count Dracula must therefore be declared as both ethereal and historical at the same time. some other agenda for revenge is from the point of view of being a descendent of Vlad III Dracula.He laments that the warlike days of his ancestors are over. He lusts after blood and glory, and tells Harker that blood is too precious a thing in these days of dishonorable stillness and the -glories of the great races are as a tale that is told (Sto ker 61). The fascination that the character of Dracula commands is finally of religious implication. In the end it is the stance of science against religion that lies at the root of the preponderance of evil. Modernism is at heart a step towards irreligion. Its goal is to shed the light of science in all areas so that the mystery of religion is finally eradicated.The wage increase of irreligion runs parallel to the rise of modernism. If the visitation of evil is a consequence of this, then it must be combated only through a return to religion. Van Helsing makes this clear when he declares, Thus are we ministers of Gods own entreat that the world, and men for whom His Son die, will not be given over to monsters, whose very existence would accuse Him (Ibid 360). In the words and deeds of Dracula we notice a distinct resemblance to Satan the frustrate is Christian lore. This comes across clearly when we notice his particular approach to his revenge.We take note that it is through the cleaning lady that he wants to perpetrate his corruption. The Biblical parallel is where the devil, disguised as a serpent, intrudes into Eden and tempts Eve to eat of the fruit of knowledge. Dracula signifies the dragon, which in turn denotes the Biblical serpent (Vere 76). We know about the act of lure and the impending corruption when he boasts to the men, Your girls that you all love are mine al frame and through them you and others shall yet be mine (Stoker 347). We also take note that Draculas target for temptation is Lucy Westenra and not Mina Harker.While both are taken in by modernism, and may be describes as continuous tense women, Mina accommodates her modernism to the limits imposed by Christianity. She tries to keep in touch with the latest mores and technologies for example, she is intent on learning to use the typewriter, at that time at the cutting edge of technology. But if she does so it is only because she can become of use to her husband. The opportunities that modern life affords do not tempt her to stray beyond the bounds of a Christian wife, whose prime duty is towards her husband and children.Van Helsing summarizes her for us in this way One of Gods women, fashioned by His own hand to show us men and other women that there is a heaven where we can enter, and that its light can be here on earth. So true, so sweet, so noble (Ibid 226). Lucy, on the other hand, turns liberty into license. She is so flattered when tercet men propose to her at once she laments Why cant they let a girl marry three men, or as many as want her, and save all this trouble? (Ibid 91). We are led to believe that she is aggressively sexual, and in some ways a siren.We understand why Dracula finds a ready target in her, whereas he cannot seduce Mina after repeated attempts, and despite his challenge throw to the men that he will. Van Helsings mission is concerned with saving the soul, and it is not the physical life which worries him. In the second half of the novel the principal issue becomes whether Minas purity remains intact, and it is not at all about saving lives from a violent monster. The purity of Mina is vital because on it depends the spiritual condition of the men folk of England. She is depicted as the paragon of womanhood, and therefore indicatory of Eve in the Garden of Eden.For her to fall to the temptation of the Dragon is of the highest consequence, we believe. After Lucy is killed, it is the fact that she is undead that spreads unease, so that her three suitors are determined to kill her again (or, kill the vampire that she is become), in order that the soul of Lucy attains peace and passes into the otherworld. When she is finally killed properly, by impaling her heart with a stake, her suitors, including her fiance Arthur Holmwood, look on as a dreaded visage is transformed into one of unequalled sweetness and purity, which is reflecting the condition of the soul within (Ibid 225).Stokers masterpiece crystallized the various trends in Gothic literature, and became the benchmark for all successive efforts in the genre, especially in charge and television. Next to Sherlock Holmes, there is no other fictional character with more depictions in claim and television than the character of Count Dracula (Dyson, n. p. n. ). The gothic genre is not especially known for quality literature. Outlandish landscapes, ancient castles, the evocation of dread, gruesome details, violence met upon ravishing young ladies, such were features that made the gothic novel, and Stoker does not depart much from the convention.But his effort is special in that he grapples with the fundamental issues, for example the visitation of evil in the wake of modernism. Stoker was not merely concerned with horror, but with evil itself. Paul Santilli points out a distinction between the two in terms of existentialism Evil is defined within a cultural matrix horror is the undefined other of a culture. Evil represents the negation of being horror shows the sickening presence of being as being (173). Because the typical writer of Gothic literature is bound by the dictates of the horror genre, he tends to lose sight of the underlying theme of evil.Thus we notice in nineteenth century vampire literature a trend towards sympathizing with the representation of evil, a fundamental error. The vampires that we find in James Malcolm Rymers Varney the Vampire and Sheridan Le Fanus Carmilla are sympathetic characters to some extent (Silver et al, 40-41). Stokers novel stands firm against such deterioration and presents to us evil in its most pristine form. This is why Stokers characterization of Dracula has become iconic, and also the standard bearer for all subsequent depictions of the vampire in popular culture.However, popular culture being what it is, the trend towards sympathizing with the vampire was resumed once mass media took hold of the character of Dracula and made it part of its own province. The picture o f Dracula in the popular mind is now wholly derived from Hollywood films, and is very antithetical from how Stoker describes him in the novel. For example in the novel he is described as having white hair and a drooping moustache but the popular imagination sees him as dark haired, clean shaven and immaculately groomed.Bela Lugosis portrayal of the Count in the 1931 Hollywood production is most responsible for this picture. By most accounts this film, directed by Tod Browning, is the best adaptation to date, though it is not the first. This distinction must go to the 1922 German production Nosferatu, directed by F W Murnau, which makes the vampire particularly gruesome, and therefore is a return somewhat to the traditional depiction. But with films there is always the danger that villains become heroes, which happens when the film becomes very popular and even negative characters assume the charm of being famous.Once Brownings depiction of Dracula entered the public imagination i t set of a trend towards sympathizing with the embodiment of evil. In this trend must be included the series of films is that which issued from the Hammer House of Horror Studio in England. The first film appeared in 1958, with Christopher Lee in the role of the Transylvanian Count, and was largely faithful to the original novel, both in the plotline and in the depiction of the vampire. But as the series dragged along the tendency was to indulge in the evil exploits of the Count.This is in line with the general trend in Hollywood to lean more and more towards the antihero, and to glorify socially subversive activity. Francis Ford Coppolas 1992 production Bram Stokers Dracula is a consummation of this process, so that the vampire here is almost a Christ-like figure. Regarding Coppolas cinematic technique Humphries-Brooks points out that the subjective television camera is used from the Counts point of view, which frequently lets us see the world through Draculas eye and allows a vis ceral empathy with the character. The major sacrilege is of introducing a love affair between Dracula and Mina Harker, thereby reversing the entire tenor of the original novel. Despite such misguided efforts, the sheer preponderance of adaptations of Stokers novel in film, as well as the insatiable appetite of the public for vampire films in general, is a measure of the iconic placement that Stokers Dracula has acquired. In conclusion, the modern fascination with vampirism must be viewed as a symptom of modernity. We must trace its origin to the time of Enlightenment, in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, in which we identify the roots of modernism.It was a concerted effort to overcome the religious worldview, and to replace it with a scientific representation. The resurgence of the public fascination with vampires must also be dated to this period. The explanation of this lies in the tendency to ignore the reality of death, or the consequences for the soul after death. Bra m Stokers novel Dracula, at the turn of the twentieth century, crystallized this fascination with a masterful study of vampirism with a thoroughly entertaining plotline. Like all Gothic literature, it aimed primarily to please.But at the same time it tackled the issue of evil in the most fundamental way, and in this way recovered focus to Gothic literature. It identified modernism as the root cause behind the re-emergence of the vampire, and outlined the battle lines in which modernism and traditional belief clashed. For all these reasons the character of Count Dracula has come to acquire an iconic status in popular culture, and it continues to spurn adaptations and imitations in film and television. Works Cited Delany, Joseph F. Preparation for Death. bleak Advent.Internet. Retrieved 23 promenade 2008. http//www. newadvent. org/cathen/04660c. htm De Vere, Nicholas. The Dragon Legacy. Contributor Tracy R. Twyman. New York Book Tree, 2004. Dyson, Jeremy. Battle of the bloodsucke rs. The Guardian. Wednesday October 31, 2007. Internet. Retrieved 23 March, 2008. Humphries-Brooks, Stephenson. The Body and the Blood of Eternal UnDeath. The ledger of Religion and Popular Culture. Volume VI Spring 2004. OConnor, John.The Enduring Fascination Of Dracula. The New York Times. March 5, 1978, Sunday. Santilli, Paul. Culture, Evil, and Horror. The American Journal of Economics and Sociology. Volume 66, Number 1, January 2007, pp. 173-193. Skow, John. Vlad the Impaler. Time Magazine. Monday, Jan. 15, 1973. Silver, Alain & Ursini, James. The Vampire Film From Nosferatu to converse With the Vampire. New York Limelight Editions, 1997. Stoker, Bram. Dracula. New York Broadview Press, 1998. Voltaire. Philosophical Dictionary Part 2. Whitefish, MT Kessinger Publishing, 2003.