Tennis Worlds E-Commerce Marketing Plan - 1249 Words

Tennis world Executive summary Tennis world is an e-commerce business company dealing with all sorts of tennis merchandise you can think of; this is ranging from tennis balls, tennis rackets, tennis wear, tennis video instructions and any other accessories you can think of that is associated with the sport. Tennis world aims to be a leader in the market for all the tennis merchandise not only in the U.S but to the rest of the world too. In recent times there have been instances of internet companies failing but we as Tennis world intend to venture, survive and grow in the e-commerce world. We have a mission to offer our tennis merchandize using the internet as our key marketing tool. We also intend to reach a wide range of customers the young and the old with no barrier whatsoever since the internet is accessible all over the world. We intend to make our sites the place where everyone loves to visit and want to find out more and more of what is on offer in our company (Mplans.com, 2012). Tennis w orld intends to create sites that everyone wants to visit and offer incredible prices and discounts that will leave our customers wanting to buy more. We intend to maintain our customers and strive to be not just the best but the best of them all in the industry. Market summary Our target market is a vast one that ranges from individuals who have minimum requirements to other large companies with more expensive and solid orders. To achieve this we intend to look at ourShow MoreRelatedFactors Affecting A Company s Success1830 Words   |  8 Pagesservice to customers, stakeholders and the public. â€Å"Promotional strategy objectives vary among organizations. Some use promotion to expand their markets, and others use it to defend their current positions (Boone, L. E., Kurtz, D. 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Marketing Research IX. Other Statistics X. Competitive Environment Part Two: Four Seasons Marketing Plan I. Target Market IIRead MoreSbi Bank Po12965 Words   |  52 Pages3. How many meaningful English words can be made with the letters DLEI using each letter only once in each word? 1) None 2) One 3) Two 4) Three 5) More than three 4. Among A, B, C, D and E, each having different weight, D is heavier than only A and C is lighter than B and E. Who among them is the heaviest? 1)B 2)E 3)C 4) Data inadequate 5) None of these 5. Each odd digit in the number 5263187 is substituted by the next higher digit and each even digit is substituted by the previous lower digit andRead MorePrinciples of Marketing: Nike Inc9497 Words   |  38 Pagesmutinous a nd headstrong nature to think out of the box by means of innovation and inspiration (Katz 1994) Principles of Marketing Principles of Marketing TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 3 The Story So Far 3 MARKETING ORIENTATION 3 Types of Orientation 4 COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE 7 Porter’s five forces 7 Porter’s Generic Strategies 9 The MARKETING MIX 11 Product 11 The Ansoff Matrix 13 BCG Matrix 14 Product Life Cycle 16 Price 19 Nike’s pricing StrategiesRead MorePG Corparate10304 Words   |  42 Pages(Actual) 4 Mission Statement (Actual) 4 Mission Statement (Proposed) 4 Vision Statement (Proposed) 5 Slogan (Proposed) 5 The CPM Matrix of Pamp;G Company 6 External Factor Evaluation (EFE) Matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 9 The I/E matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 14 Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Matrix for Procter and Gamble (Pamp;G) 16 A SWOT Matrix of Pamp;G Company 21 Strengths 23 Weaknesses 23 Opportunities 24 Threats 24 The FOUR strategies 25 TheRead MoreMarketing Management - Nike Case Study6867 Words   |  28 PagesMarketing Plan for NIKE MM 522 – Keller Gratudate School of Management Executive

Brown Vs. Board Of Education - 878 Words

Brown vs. Board of Education Is our nation becoming segregated again in light of the recent current events? When you turned on your television last week, did you get a sense of remorse for both the black community as well as the law enforcement community? Our nation is facing many obstacles today regarding equal rights for all. Recently, I have read an essay released in a magazine called, The American School Board Journal, titled â€Å"The Ruling that Changed America† by Juan Williams which he also questioned the desegregated acts of Americans. In this essay, Juan Williams’ summary claims that the court trial of Brown vs. Board of Education shaped America to be what it is today. â€Å" On May 17, 1954 the Supreme Court ruled that segregated schools were wrong and that America will start a desegregation of all schools. This ruling made a lot of people irritated, especially Southern Governors like Georgia s Gov. Herman Talmadge who said that the Brown vs. Education result was â€Å" The first step towards national suicide.† Even though it made a lot of white people angry, it caused great happiness in the African American community, some even predicted the end of school segregation by fall of 1955. The first school desegregated was Central High School in Little Rock Arkansas. We have all seen the nine students being led into the school with the 101st Airborne by their side in our high school history class. Even though Central High was desegregated in 1957, other schools did not reallyShow MoreRelatedBrown Vs Bo ard Of Education945 Words   |  4 Pagesbring on change. Brown vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly without the desegregation in schools we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strongRead MoreBrown Vs Board Of Education945 Words   |  4 Pagesbring about change. Brown vs Board of education is one case that still has great significance in history. Not only did it have a huge effect on segregation, but America as well would not be the same. My surroundings would totally change if this case had not been established. Brandon would not be my best friend, and sadly without the desegregation in schools, we would have never crossed paths. Oliver Brown stood as the representative plaintiff in the case Brown vs. Borad of Education. He felt so strongRead MoreBrown Vs. Board Of Education1143 Words   |  5 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education (1954) was a landmark Supreme Court Case that overturned the separate but equal ideology established by the earlier Supreme Court Case Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896). The Plessy vs. Ferguson court case had a profound affect on the social interaction of racial groups in the late 19th to early 20th century causing tension between the two most prominent races within the United States, the Caucasians and the African Americans, which included Hispanics and other non-white citizensRead MoreBrown vs Board of Education600 Words   |  3 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education as a major turning point in African American. Brown vs Board of Education was arguably the most important cases that impacted the African Americans and the white society because it brought a whole new perspective on whether à ¢â‚¬Å"separate but equal† was really equal. The Brown vs Board of Education was made up of five different cases regarding school segregation. â€Å"While the facts of each case are different, the main issue in each was the constitutionality of state-sponsoredRead MoreThe Brown Vs Board Of Education Essay1343 Words   |  6 PagesThe Brown vs Board of Education was a remarkable set of five cases that paved the way for desegregation in schools and eventually resulting in the Civil Rights Act being passed. These cases however weren’t the only catalysts that forced the Supreme Court to question the wording of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights and neither were they the only pivotal cases that changed the way America as a whole looked at the black community and how to interact with them. The Plessy vs Ferguson case wasRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education2484 Words   |  10 PagesBrown v. Board of Education Brown v. Board of education case took place in 1954. It is one of the most important cases in the American history of racial prejudice. The U.S. Supreme Court recognized separate schools for blacks and whites unconstitutional. This decision became an important event of struggle against racial segregation in the United States. The Brown case proved that there is no way a separation on the base of race to be in a democratic society. Brown vRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education2169 Words   |  9 PagesKirisitina Maui’a HIS 303 Brown vs. Board of Education Mr. Mohammad Khatibloo November 1, 2010 Brown v. Board of Education â€Å"To separate them from others of similar age and qualifications solely because of their race generates a feeling of inferiority as to their status in the community that may affect their hearts and minds in a way unlikely ever to be undone† by Chief Justice Earl Warren, Majority Opinion. Imagine you are a seven year old and have to walk one mile to a bus stop by walking throughRead MoreThe Brown Vs. Board Of Education Essay1195 Words   |  5 Pagesthen results in unfair education opportunities. Many residents of Charlotte NC are unaware of this, or feel they have no voice. It is however the law for students to receive equal education, and North Carolina has a No Child left Behind Act that is clearly not in full effect in CMS, which will eventually force CMS supervisors to start playing a role in how their schools will not fall short of making their students successful. Background The Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka in 1954 ruledRead MoreEssay on Brown vs. Board of Education786 Words   |  4 PagesBrown vs. Board of Education Although slavery was finally ended at the end of the nineteenth century black people found themselves still in the process of fighting. What they had to fight for was their own rights. The Emancipation Proclamation and the end of the civil war brought about literal freedom but the beliefs and attitudes of whites, especially in the south kept the black people repressed. In this paper I would like to share the research that I found that helped to launch the fightRead MoreBrown vs. Board of Education Essay1308 Words   |  6 PagesBrown v. Board of Education The case of brown v. board of education was one of the biggest turning points for African Americans to becoming accepted into white society at the time. Brown vs. Board of education to this day remains one of, if not the most important cases that African Americans have brought to the surface for the better of the United States. Brown v. Board of Education was not simply about children and education (Silent Covenants pg 11); it was about being equal in a society that

Organizational Strategy And Knowledge Audit -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Organizational Strategy And Knowledge Audit? Answer: Introducation The strategy that is formed by the institute for introducing improvements in the structure of the organization is grounded on the IP (Intellectual Property) of the company. The IP of the organization helps to determine the different facets of change which is being accepted by the organization to understand the requirements of the clients and the customers of the organization (Ahmadi et al. 2012). It helps in determining the strategies that are framed by the organization for their structural and situational improvements. Knowledge audit of the company aids in understanding the diverse aspects of the changes which is being undertaken with the aim of understanding the requirements for undertaking the change in the structure. Therefore, it helps in determining the strategies that are required to be framed by the organization. Synopsis The knowledge audit actually helps in determining the credibility of the organization and performance of the organization (Dalkir and Beaulieu 2017). Likely, the strategies that are being framed by the organization for undertaking a change are based on the capabilities and the credibility of the organization to bring about the change. The knowledge about the requirements of the customers assists in keeping the sustainable approach of the company in the market. The audit of the different segments of the organizational capabilities has helped in undertaking steps that are required to be undertaken by the organization for making improvements in the situation. Therefore, the IP of the organization is closely related to the strategies that are formed by the organization for its growth in the markets. Reflection I believe the IP of the companies determine the various aspects of the changes which the organization is capable of undertaking. This helps in defining the numerous aspects and the areas of change on which the strategies are applied for bringing in effective changes in the system. The performance of the companies is dependent on the factors of creativity and the efficient functioning of the processes undertaken by the companies. On the other hand, the strategies that are planned by the organization are based on the capabilities of the organization to meet the objectives of the same. According to me, the knowledge audit of the company and the strategies thereby framed by the organization are related intimately. References Ahmadi, S.A.A., Salamzadeh, Y., Daraei, M. and Akbari, J., 2012. Relationship between organizational culture and strategy implementation: typologies and dimensions.Global Business and Management Research,4(3/4), p.286. Dalkir, K. and Beaulieu, M., 2017.Knowledge management in theory and practice. MIT press.

Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Society

Introduction Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) describes the strategies companies use to ensure their operations are eco-friendly, adhere to ethical principles, and beneficial to the society. It is argued that CSR is a company’s contribution to the growth of the society. The critical areas that CSR managers focus on include the conservation of the environment, the development of the local community, and the general welfare of their employees.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Role of CSR in society When a mega-store builds a branch in a residential area, it enhances the lives of the surrounding community. The proximity of the large store makes life convenient and reduces other costs such as fuel and time spent traveling to other destinations. However, the establishment of this venture will have an adverse impact on the sm all-scale businesses. Additionally, if the proposed store is established on virgin land, it significantly affects the physical environment. The establishment, sustenance, and expansion of a corporation have considerable impacts on the environment and the surrounding community. This has forced companies to engage in non-profit ventures and socially responsible initiatives. Through these programs, the corporate entities are able to channel a section of their profits back to local societies for various reasons. They include enhancing the living standards of their customers, improving the economy of the local community, and mitigating the impact of their operations on the environment. These strategies ensure that their businesses are sustainable. Corporate entities mitigate the negative impacts resulting from industrialization. This is associated with the creation of awareness about the ethical principles in business operations. For example, automobiles discharging high emissions are ta xed at higher rates compared to vehicles with low emissions. This enables the owners of low emitting vehicles to invest in productive community projects. Creation of close public and customer relationships is another strategy through which the society benefits from CSR. This initiative allows firms to be perceived as members of the social system, and not as a source of employment and commodities. This enhances the peaceful co-existence and harmony between corporate entities and the society. This is an essential social asset in the development of communities. Other initiatives include helping talented and intelligent students to pursue their education through the provision of scholarships and employment after completion of studies. Corporate entities also use CSR to disseminate technology to the local community. Some corporations have used this platform to drive conservation efforts by mitigating the impact of their environmental footprints. Examples of such initiatives are the campa igns against global warming and the management of carbon emissions.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The XYZ Company’s CSR Initiatives The XYZ Company has initiated various CSR programs within its community. Some of these projects include the establishment of a scholarship program and the conservation of the environment. The scholarship program was established to assist needy students from poor families gain access to quality education. The XYZ Company provides 100% funding for tuition and other personal expenses. They also support their families by providing casual employment to their parents. The firm is also engaged in the conservation of the environment through a re-afforestation campaign aimed at increasing the national forest-cover to contain the effects of global warming. Conclusion For CSR programs to be successful, they require a commitment from various stakeholde rs such as the political administration, corporate entities, civil societies, and the local communities. As most corporations continue to engage in CSR, the government is relieved of social burdens because these initiatives cover all sectors in the society. This essay on Role of Corporate Social Responsibility in Society was written and submitted by user Deangelo Floyd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Microbiology Research Paper

Microbiology Research Paper Food borne Incident Relating to Escherichia coli Efficient and effective supervision of contamination of food and inspection of food borne diseases in UK needs a harmonized multidisciplinary method with fervent contribution of stakeholders from every aspect of the society together with the public health quarter. To make easy communication and organization of this process, a coordinating body is required to be instituted with strong contribution of applicable stakeholders. However, appropriate observation data from every stage in the food manufacture chain including the supervision of human disease must be constantly collected and examined to assess trends and causal source of food borne disease (FBD). The incidence of the food borne disease in UK requires health organizations and Health departments in UK of a dedicated multidisciplinary inspection unit that involves the microbiological and epidemiological proficiency from every sector will assist and enhance the success of consistent data analysis and criticism. The main purpose of this supervision is to enhance the management and control of food borne disease outbreak and provide a management framework for professionals that will help them control further spread of the disease. Ingestion of microbial contaminated foods is very harmful; outbreak management team should be vigilant in dealing with an outbreak especially the type that concern food borne. Rees G and Pond (1995) explained that medical and nursing staffs are required to use the aide-memoir made available for checking health implications and functions. In addition, the essence of this paper is reflected in the roles and responsibilities of public bodies involved in maintaining health care services and public health. Controlling and managing FBD outbreak is critical to ensure that: the minimum number of primary cases of infected people is reduced. This can be achieved through prompt reporting and response to infected foods; the number of secondary cases of infected individual is reduced through proper identification of FBD infected persons and taking appropriate measures to prevent further spread of the disease; causal organisms and continuous hazards are eliminated or minimize the risk of infection; Food Borne Disease (FBD) Outbreak Definition Pathogenic microbes normally penetrate food chain at any position from livestock through on-site production, feed, parking plant, or at slaughterhouses in the UK (Hald et al, 2004). In addition, this bacteria enter food chain during food retailing, processing, manufacturing, as well as via food preparation and catering. However, since several potential routes for spreading pathogens during production, remote actions such as sanitization of animal feed is normally performed to guarantee consumer protection. To effectively control and manage the crisis of food-borne disease, certain procedures should be well thought-out at the various levels of production. This requires a harmonized inspection and response attempt from every key stakeholder responsible for food safety. Food industries are accountable for the quality and the security measures of the food they produce for consumers, together with relevant stakeholder in food safety. Production may be supervised through process control pr ograms, certification programs, or HACCP (Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points) based control programs (Noordhuizen and Dufour 2007). These control functions create data that comprises of significant input to national supervision programs. In addition, in an epidemic analysis, extra sampling is normally required to investigate human infection rate to the extent of infectivity in the food manufacture chain. Close teamwork between the public and private sector is very critical in this aspect. Disease Reporting as a Good Management and Control Practice To effectively manage and control food safety, it is very important for health departments in the UK to have adequate information on the existing situation and development as it concerns the infection and spread of FBD outbreak in the food manufacture chain. This information requires frequent update so that proper responses can be organized. Activities involved in such a system are gathered under the inspection and supervisory terms (Ressom et al, 2004). Inspection involves the presentation and investigation of regular practices aimed at identifying changes in the surroundings or health position of populations. While supervision involves the continuing methodical collection, analysis, collation, and interpretation of data with the distribution of information to every department involved to enable the implementation of directed actions (Schwimmer and Schwimmer 2009). Supervision refers to a particular addition of monitoring where collected information is developed and decisions are ta ken concerning standards and values associated to disease condition. The major aims of supervision include examining trends in prevalent disease, outbreak discovery, analyzing program performance, assessing interventions, and evaluating progress towards a programmed control purpose (Wegener et al, 2003). However, supervision is not just a practical evaluation of the present situation, but a foundation for providing qualified reaction to producers, indicating effective control factors during production, tracing back contaminated food to its source, and initiating planned action. In addition, different levels of concentration and management in supervision systems. Supervision can be disjointed or incorporated, universal or sentinel, dynamic or reactive permanent or irregular, in most cases, the strength of supervision is an invention of social impact, convenient access to epidemiological information, as well as financial parameters. Identification of Causative Organism of Foodborne Disease (FBD) From laboratory tests, various microorganisms cause food borne disease (FBD). The bacteria called S. Enteritidis cause the salmonenela infections, and it is considered the major cause of the food borne disease (FBD). The S. Typhimurium is considered to be the most dreaded bacteria that infect people with food borne disease (FBD). According to Rees G and Pond (1995) reported that, S. Typhimurium and other salmonella species are major causes of food borne disease. The Campylobacter group in recent times has become the most frequently identified cause of the gastroenteritis. The ability to identify the source and cause of the outbreak depends on the causal organism. The Enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli, which is a major public health significance, is the focus of this research paper. This can be contacted from contaminated drinking water, and contaminated swimming pools. Outbreak Identification of Food Borne Disease (FBD) Waterborne disease (FBD) outbreak could be identified or diagnosed through laboratory service, testing, collection of manufactured food: Laboratory diagnosis; FBD outbreaks can be confirmed through laboratory testing and confirming the particular causal organism responsible for the outbreak by health laboratories in the UK. Detecting the causal organism clinically from manufactured food or infected persons with similar symptoms. Performing tests, tests are performed through public health laboratories (PHL), industrial manufactured food including infected patients with food borne disease outbreak symptoms. These tests are performed to test for food borne bacteria such as S. Typhimurium, Escherichia coli, and other parasitic agents that causes food borne infection. Most commercial laboratories test for bacteria that produce toxins such as E.coli. There is always a repeated testing performed in cases of serious food borne disease outbreaks. Specimen collection; in cases of food borne disease outbreaks, samples of manufactured food are normally collected and delivered to public health laboratories for testing. Protocols regarding the proper collection of these samples must be strictly observed. In most cases, consultation with the necessary Ecology Department in the UK is an essential step for proper rules on sample collections. Information based on sample labeling food samples, kits for sample collection, and proper handling of samples are available with this department. The Zoonosis centre; where periodic meetings are organized to check the prevalence of the organism in humans and management programs on food-borne disease outbreak and corresponded to appropriate stakeholders. FBD Outbreak Management Team Food borne disease outbreak is the responsibility of doctors, public health authorities, as well as recreational facilities heads and swimming pools that involve in the management and control of this outbreak. Local health authorities; public health authorities in the UK play critical role in managing food borne disease (FBD). They are normally responsible for treating infected people as well as giving infected and non-infected people good health tips that will manage and control the FBD outbreak. Managers of recreational and public facilities; they are charged with the responsibility of reporting infected and contaminated food and the number of people infected through their facilities to appropriate heads in the UK. Authorities of public recreational areas; responsible for reporting infected outbreaks of FBD and suspected infected persons. Doctors and laboratory personnel; these set of people help perform test, treatment and provide measures that will prevent further spread of the FBD outbreak. Government officials and legislative heads; the UK government will help make laws that restrain infected public places and sharing ingested food materials. Food Borne Disease (FBD) Management Functions/Responsibilities The integration of supervision activities is aimed at promoting optimization and cost effectively managing, utilizing, and inspection of data. The major roles and responsibilities is to optimize the understanding of the supervision system that prevent further spread of the FBD outbreak. Some of these roles and responsibilities include: well-outlined activities and information of infected individuals; food borne disease outbreak management and control worksheet can help in collecting necessary information required for effective control management. They include; Demographics, including address, name, age, telephone number, sex, and other relevant factors such as residence, occupation, ward, classroom, cell block and so forth;symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, abdominal cramps, fever, jaundice, respiratory irritation, hospitalization status and medical care received, and systemic illness (Ruoff, 1990);time and date of symptom occurrence and for how long symptom lasted;food consumption history for a period of at least 72 hours before illness occurred. Food consumption history, shared meals for a period of at least 72 hours before illness began is also necessary information. This is necessary because some causal agents have longer incubation periods, necessitating the information regarding longer period of food history;travel including food consumption, locations, and recreational exposures;addresses, names, phone numbers, and other information that will assist in locating anybody who might be involved in the outbreak including sick people, hea lthy people, and organizers of group activities; Identifying additional cases, if indicated, such methods like calling other potentially exposed individuals, sending provider alerts, releasing a media alert, and requesting specimens from laboratories. Confirming the existence of an outbreak, local health jurisdictions must ensure that several relevant questions concerning management and control measures. Develop an environmental field management and control based on the epidemiologic case data: here the objective of the combined environmental and epidemiologic outbreak management and control measures is to identify the causal organism, the food source, mode of transmission, and the source of contamination. This will also consider the possible infectious agent based on symptoms and incubation period. Possible modes of transmission for that particular agent to focus on the exact environmental management and control procedure or method. Implementing immediate, appropriate mismanagement and control measures based on the possible FBD causal organism. Consider testing for the presence of the disease with an epidemiologic study (cohort or case control). Managing and controlling further spread: patients with abdominal cramps should be restricted from sharing and eating contaminated foods. Infected persons should be well instructed and advice on effective and proper hand washing and proper food handling practices and preservation methods (Lewis, 2002). More particularly, follow-up of issues and causes of these infections. Remarks and Recommendations The identification of transformation of food borne diseases (FBD) prototypes and differences in the infection of food production chain are an unconditional requirement for the effective management and control, together with constant improvement in the safety and quality of food. These processes helps in preventing further spread of the disease and it is cost proficient. Managing and controlling food borne disease (FBD) supervision at various public level provides a comprehensive and appropriate synopsis of the public and veterinary health position of the society. The incorporation of food borne disease (FBD) outbreaks investigation is aimed at colleting all activities responsible to perform many functions via related process, structures, and personnel. The framework of a conventional supervision program in a particular aspect may serve the same structural purpose for intensifying other inspection activities. It is however recommended that, both infected and non-infected persons shoul d follow certain practices to prevent further spread of the disease. These processes include: Avoid eating contaminated food. Only food tested and recommended by appropriate food control agencies and veterinary authorities should be consumes. People should observe appropriate food handling practices to avoid outbreak re-occurrence. Waterborne Disease (WBD) Outbreak Relating to Cyanobacteria Toxins Waterborne Outbreak Definition A waterborne disease (WBD) outbreak is an occurrence whereby several epidemiologically connected persons experience the same illness after exposure to the same source of water and the epidemiological evidence identifies the water as the possible cause of the illness. This occurrence happened in Washington, United States were most population was affected. However, the implicated water in a waterborne disease (WBD) outbreak could possibly be recreational water, drinking water, water meant for agricultural purposes, as well as unknown water. The path of this water can be through ingestion, intranasal, inhalation, or contact. Chemicals, microbes, or toxins could be the agent connected to the water borne disease (WBD) outbreak. Normally, water is tested to determine the contamination level and identify the etiologic agent. Disease Reporting as a Good Management and Control Practice A. Purpose of reporting and surveillance: reporting suspicious or symptoms of disease is one good way of managing and controlling the WBD, these purposes include: to prevent transmission from one infected person to the other; to identify and correct sources of exposure for waterborne disease (WBD) outbreaks; to prevent further exposures to infected water and avoid spreading infections; to expand existing comprehension of the mode of transmission of these disease, causal agent, and the effect on the community of the infections by the identified WBD causal agent (Herceg et al, 2006); to identify new WBD causal hazards, agents, and issues in the water safety system; B. Legal reporting requirements for effective outbreak management and control. Legal jurisdictions will assist and help control WBD outbreak especially when it involves the public. Infections should be reported to Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE). These rules require that certain heads of health care, public recreational parks, and pools warn immediately and appropriately the public to prevent further spread of the infection. These include health care providers; WBD outbreak should be appropriately reported to local health care authorities, this will help manage and control further infection; hospitals; outbreaks should be immediately and promptly reported to local head authorities for effective management and control (Keene et al, 2006); laboratories; tests indicating suspicious causal agent should be reported to CDE and health centers for effective management and control; local health authorities; outbreaks should be promptly reported to (DOH) for public media notification of the public. This will help manage and control infection to a great extent; Identification of Causative Organism of WBD Outbreak The causal organism of waterborne disease (WBD) outbreaks ranges from bacterial such as Shigella, also known as shiga toxin-producing E. coli, Campylobacter, Salmonella, cholera, typhoid, and other Vibro species that causes gastrointestinal symptoms. The Virus group includes hepatitis A virus and norovirus (Lane and Baker, 2003). The poliovirus causes gastrointestinal symptoms. The parasites group includes Cryptosporidium and Giardia causing gastrointestinal symptoms, invasive amoeba such as Naeglaria that causes meningitis, Schistosoma that causes schistosomiasis. The noninfectious agents, which is the major point of study includes cynobacteria (blue green algae) toxins, nitrates, copper, and other different chemicals that contaminates water. In most cases, the symptoms depend on the causal agent. Waterborne disease (WBD) causal organism may also cause gastrointestinal, less commonly respiratory, or systemic or skin infection. Symptoms of this illness or infection may include vomiti ng, abdominal cramps, diarrhea, bloody diarrhea, irritated eyes, hives, sore throat, rashes, systemic illness, pneumonia (Lewis et al, 2002). However, the causal organism of waterborne disease discussed in this research is the Cyanobacterial toxins. WBD Outbreak Identification Waterborne disease (WBD) outbreak could be identified or diagnosed through laboratory service, testing, collection of specimen. Laboratory diagnosis; WBD outbreaks can be confirmed through laboratory diagnosis and confirming the particular etiologic agent in an outbreak. This should be reported to the Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE). Performing tests, tests are performed through public health laboratories (PHL), clinical specimens from patients with waterborne disease outbreak symptoms. These tests are performed to test for waterborne bacteria, norovirus, and parasitic agents to confirm any of these causal agents. Most commercial laboratories test for bacterias that produce toxins such as E.coli and hepatitis A (Ruoff, 1990). There is always a repeated testing performed in cases of serious waterborne disease outbreaks. Specimen collection; in cases of waterborne disease outbreaks, sample specimens are normally collected and delivered to public health laboratories for testing. Protocols regarding the proper collection of these samples must be strictly observed (van den Hoek et al, 1995). In most cases, consultation with the necessary Ecology Department is a necessary for proper rules on sample collections. Information based on sample labeling, kits for sample collection, and proper handling of samples are available with this department. In recent years, the United States health Department on Communicable Diseases received reports of WBD outbreaks that involved hundreds of infected people. According to Hathaway (2005), the department took the case up, performed several surveillance, and discovered that it was the cyanobacteria toxin, which was the major cause of this WBD outbreak. Sources of this infection were drinking water, recreational and public lakes, swimming pools and other public recreational areas. This organism was transferred from one person to another through ingestion of this water, eating infected animals, and unauthorized access to restricted areas. WBD Outbreak Management Team Management team responsible for the effective control and prevention of further spread of the WBD outbreak included; Local health authorities: Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE) constitute the management and control team. Public health workers; responsible for treating infected people as well as giving infected and non-infected people good health tips that will manage and control the outbreak. Managers of recreational and public facilities; these people are responsible for reporting infected water and the number of people infected through their facilities to appropriate heads (Kvenberg et al, 1995). Authorities of public lakes and swimming pools; responsible for reporting infected outbreaks and suspected infected persons. Doctors and laboratory personnel; these set f people help perform test, treatment and provide measures that will prevent further spread of the outbreak. Government officials and legislative heads; these people help make laws that restrain infected public places. Outbreak Management Functions Waterborne disease (WBD) outbreaks can be identified through notifying conditions reporting, isolation of bacterial sub-typing as well as molecular analysis in the laboratory. The Washington State Department of Health (DOH) Office of the Communicable Disease Epidemiology (CDE) and other management team ensure that this WBD outbreak is managed effectively to avoid further spread of the outbreak. Other methods of detecting the WBD outbreaks include syndrome surveillance systems, and consumer complaints. In most cases, investigation depends on the causal sources: building water system, drinking water, natural water, treated recreational water, and so forth. Outbreak management normally involves the following steps: 1. Detail activities and information of affected individuals; waterborne disease management and control worksheet can help in collecting necessary information required for effective control management. They include; Demographics, including address, name, age, telephone number, sex, and other relevant factors such as residence, occupation, ward, classroom, cell block and so forth (Henessey et al, 1996); symptoms such as diarrhea, nausea, bloody diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, muscle ache, jaundice, rashes, respiratory irritation, hospitalization status and medical care received, and systemic illness; time and date of symptom occurrence and for how long symptom lasted; water consumption history and common activities for a period of at least 72 hours before illness occurred. Food and drink consumption history, shared meals for a period of at least 72 hours before illness began is also necessary information. This is necessary because some causal agents have longer incubation periods, necessitating the information regarding longer period of food history (Herceg et al, 2006); travel including water consumption, locations, and recreational water exposures. Pertinent details for travel including cruise ships or motels name, dates, and room. Information on the use of pools, hot tubs, spas, as well as other water recreational sites; addresses, names, phone numbers, and other information that will assist in locating anybody who might be involved in the outbreak including sick people, healthy people, and organizers of group activities; 2. Identifying additional cases, if indicated, such methods like calling other potentially exposed individuals, sending provider alerts, releasing a media alert, and requesting specimens from laboratories. 3. Confirming the existence of an outbreak, local health jurisdictions must ensure that several relevant questions concerning management and control measures are asked. Questions such as: Are there people from various households with similar illness due to exposure to the same water or recreational facilities? Are illness symptoms and signs together with the incubation period and duration of symptom consistent with an illness because of reported exposure? Is every illness consistent and similar to a WBD causal agent? Is the number of illnesses more than what is expected in this group of people and in the entire population? Are there reports of possibly related problems from similar sources? Are there common exposures such as personal or occupational contact or food, apart from water that could explain transmission? Does certain demographic information such as ethnicity, age and so forth, indicate a common source? 4. Develop a hypothesis about the Causal Agent of the disease and suggest appropriate clinical laboratory testing if indicated. This will include: referring affected individuals for appropriate medical testing and evaluation if symptoms are severe, and if bloody diarrhea is reported, or if the person is vulnerable to complications due to age or disability; collect fresh specimens for laboratory testing as soon as possible after the diseases is noticed; collect samples from many people as possible. The criteria for confirming an outbreak is caused by a particular organism, and suggest whether infected persons should be isolated from the unaffected population; 5. Develop an environmental field management and control based on the epidemiologic case data: Here the objective of the combined environmental and epidemiologic outbreak management and control measures is to identify the causal and infecting agents, the water source, mode of transmission, and the source of contamination. This will also consider the possible infectious agent based on symptoms and incubation period. Possible modes of transmission for that particular agent to focus on the exact environmental management and control procedure or method (Guzewich and Morse, 2008). Apart from identifying the infectious causes of this particular disease, certain information are also important such as: Possible normal situations or practices just before the outbreak started that could possibly contaminate the water, possible power outages, other equipment failure, as well as water back-ups. if there is any unusual weather issues just before the outbreak due to heavy rains, and floods. Were there any water reaction staff ill during the incubation period of the suspect WBD agent, when did they get ill, which water sources they worked with? Do all the staff involved with water source have body contact with the water or ingest the water they worked with? 6. Implementing immediate, appropriate mismanagement and control measures based on the possible WBD source. Kvenberg et al (1995) said that, this usually depends on the circumstances to initiate immediate management and control measures such as posting warnings at lakes, boiling of water order, recalling a commercial product like bottled water, closing a facility, or issuing a press release to warn and restrain citizens who may from contacting the disease. 7. Consider testing for the presence of the disease with an epidemiologic study (cohort or case control). This control and management approach is critical as it does the following: Determine the initial interviews and the amount of infected persons will support the idea of epidemiologic study that compares various groups made up of infected people and non-infected individuals. Get a complete list of possible people that may likely share exposure. This list can be gotten from an event organizer or a reserved list meant for that purpose. Obtain necessary information about particular water source. Develop questionnaire to many people include infected persons, and non-infected persons as soon as possible after the case report (McCall et al, 1996). One very important thing to remember here is that, people’s memories become less reliable after some time. after finalizing a case definition, the data should be analyzed to obtain certain information that include: (a) demographic profile; the amount of cases by age group and sex; (b) symptom profile; the percentage of cases that have vomiting, bloody diarrhea, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, fever, respiratory symptoms, jaundice, other symptoms, and rashes; (c) epidemic curve; determines the number of cases by time of the begging of the infection or symptoms; (d) event attack rate; the number of cases divided by the total people exposed. Event attack rate can only be calculated if the total number of attendants is known; (e) median incubation period; the total time taken for 50% of the infected people to the WBD causal agent. The men incubation period can only be calculated if the time of exposure is known; (f) water specific attack rate; the percentage of people infected with specific exposure; (g) relative risk; the percentage of people infected with the source after a particular exposure; 8. Managing and controlling further spread: patients with diarrhea should be restricted from swimming in public areas. Infected persons should be well instructed and advice on effective and proper hand washing and proper food handling practices. More particularly, follow-up of issues and causes of these infections. Recommendations and Practices Certain preventive guidelines for infected and non-infected persons for preventing and managing further infections of the disease. These guidelines should include: Appropriate use of safe drinking water sources as well as water for recreation purposes. If the source of any water cannot be ascertained, boil the water should before use. The water should be chemically treated before used for drinking, rinsing uncooked foods, or brushing of teeth. Wash hands after and before eating, using the toilet, or changing a childs diapers. During an outbreak, some jurisdictions restrict children with diapers from recreation facilities. In most cases, a more restrained and aggressive media is used to achieve this purpose through campaigns by pool and local park managers, day care institutions, as well as other normal areas of public work. This will help reduce and effectively manage and control the infection (Lippy and Erb, 2006). Children vomiting and infected with diarrhea should avoid public places and recreational areas to as a way of controlling this infection.

Hamlet Essays (2557 words) - Theatre, Literature, Fiction

Hamlet Essays (2557 words) - Theatre, Literature, Fiction Hamlet Hamlet is a play written by William Shakespeare that very closely follows the dramatic conventions of revenge in Elizabethan theater. All revenge tragedies originally stemmed from the Greeks, who wrote and performed the first plays. After the Greeks came Seneca who was very influential to all Elizabethan tragedy writers. Seneca who was Roman, basically set all of the ideas and the norms for all revenge play writers in the Renaissance era including William Shakespeare. The two most famous English revenge tragedies written in the Elizabethan era were Hamlet, written by Shakespeare and The Spanish Tragedy, written by Thomas Kyd. These two plays used mostly all of the Elizabethan conventions for revenge tragedies in their plays. Hamlet especially incorporated all revenge conventions in one way or another, which truly made Hamlet a typical revenge play. Shakespeares Hamlet is one of many heroes of the Elizabethan and Jacobean stage who finds himself grievously wronged by a powerful figure, with no recourse to the law, and with a crime against his family to avenge. Seneca was among the greatest authors of classical tragedies and there was not one educated Elizabethan who was unaware of him or his plays. There were certain stylistic and different strategically thought out devices that Elizabethan playwrights including Shakespeare learned and used from Senecas great tragedies. The five act structure, the appearance of some kind of ghost, the one line exchanges known as stichomythia, and Senecas use of long rhetorical speeches were all later used in tragedies by Elizabethan playwrights. Some of Senecas ideas were originally taken from the Greeks when the Romans conquered Greece, and with it they took home many Greek theatrical ideas. Some of Senecas stories that originated from the Greeks like Agamemnon and Thyestes which dealt with bloody family histories and revenge captivated the Elizabethans. Senecas stories werent really written for performance purposes, so if English playwrights liked his ideas, they had to figure out a way to make the story theatrically workable, relevant and exciting to the Elizabethan audience who were very demanding. Senecas influence formed part of a developing tradition of tragedies whose plots hinge on political power, forbidden sexuality, family honor and private revenge. There was no author who exercised a wider or deeper influence upon the Elizabethan mind or upon the Elizabethan form of tragedy than did Seneca. For the dramatists of Renaissance Italy, France and England, classical tragedy meant only the ten Latin plays of Seneca and not Euripides, Aeschylus and Sophocles. Hamlet is certainly not much like any play of Senecas one can name, but Seneca is undoubtedly one of the effective ingredients in the emotional charge of Hamlet. Hamlet without Seneca is inconceivable. During the time of Elizabethan theater, plays about tragedy and revenge were very common and a regular convention seemed to be formed on what aspects should be put into a typical revenge tragedy. In all revenge tragedies first and foremost, a crime is committed and for various reasons laws and justice cannot punish the crime so the individual who is the main character, goes through with the revenge in spite of everything. The main character then usually had a period of doubt , where he tries to decide whether or not to go through with the revenge, which usually involves tough and complex planning. Other features that were typical were the appearance of a ghost, to get the revenger to go through with the deed. The revenger also usually had a very close relationship with the audience through soliloquies and asides. The original crime that will eventually be avenged is nearly always sexual or violent or both. The crime has been committed against a family member of the revenger. The revenger places himself outside the normal moral order of things, and often becomes more isolated as the play progresses-an isolation which at its most extreme becomes madness. The revenge must be the cause of a catastrophe and the beginning of the revenge must start immediately after the crisis. After the ghost persuades the revenger to commit his deed, a hesitation first occurs and then a delay by the avenger before killing the murderer, and his actual or acted out madness. The revenge must be taken out

Judaism is, for Levinas, a religion for adults. What does he mean buy Essay

Judaism is, for Levinas, a religion for adults. What does he mean buy this - Essay Example Theodicy implies a vindication of the divine in spite of the manifestation and existence of wickedness; this concept of suffering has troubled many because they believe that it is a contradiction to be a good God and still let one’s creation suffer. Levinas explains that atheism would be the most obvious reaction to such a phenomenon, but this would be taking a simplistic path in understanding the matter (145). Persons who hold such a view may come to this resolution because they had a perception of God that is also simplistic; that is, of a creator who treats men like children. This God gives prizes to those who have been good and then punishes them for failing to play by the rules; in other words, he regards the human race as one with an infantile state of mind (Katz and Trout 144). However, if one were to conceive of God as a being that is more complex than the above assumption, then it is likely that one will be better able to understand the notion of suffering. Levinas adds that the God who is found in the Torah is one who hides his face in order to allow man to rely on his conscience in order to find him (145). He requires a responsible subject who would not need to depend on certain physical aids or manifestations in order to get to this level; this means, he would have to be mature. Levinas goes on to affirm that theodicy is actually not a fact but is really a product of mythic thinking that has been perpetuated over the years. When understanding such a monstrous act like the Holocaust, where 6 million Jews were killed, this scholar believes that people have to take responsibility for human behaviour. Trying to rely on theodicy to explain away these atrocious acts it to deflect human responsibility to a divine being, and this is what children would do (Katz and Trout 145). The God of the Torah is a God of adults because he requires man to