Journal 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Journal 5 - Essay Example Mobile technologies have revolutionized the educational system by allowing greater opportunities and greater exposure to new forms of learning which can be beneficial to not only traditional students, but also those returning to school to earn their degree. From a historical context, the development of mobile technologies such as the Internet has been slow. Text messaging and email would have been looked at as science fiction about a hundred years ago. The first type of â€Å"e-mail† was done through Morse code. Research was done in the library by reading over many journals and papers. The smallest computers would take up entire buildings. Compared to the cell phones and palm pilots we have today, the original cell phones were often so big they would have to be carried in a bag. The rudimentary internet technology could only be accessed with minimal functions. The development of all these technologies has increased exponentially over the last century. Greater communication tec hnology and development of technology in general has lead to a more diverse educational experience. Now, many lectures and lessons that are done in traditional schooling, both at the elementary and higher education levels, are all technology enhanced. In particular, this allows schools which have limited academic resources the chance to have access to resources and notes from other schools/institutions. Also, technology allows greater diversity in learning, which in children can be essential because children respond to many different types of learning. Mobile technologies also add to the flexibility of learners, especially in non-traditional students who are returning to school. It allows them to access and submit assignments from phones or computers rather than the traditional handing in hard copies because many of these people work full time jobs and have families. Additional developments in this technology and in data processing has allowed for greater cooperation and communicati on in politics, research, education, and in many other areas as well. Personally, this technology has greatly affected my life. In my short time in society, I have seen the growth and expansion of technology, specifically in the last few years. The internet has revolutionized the way I study for school. I can now research topics on multiple databases as well as type up reports. Mobile media and streaming videos/music has also served an entertainment purpose. If I miss an episode of my favorite show or want to download the new top song, I can access it not only from my computer, but also from my cell phone. The most important part in the development of mobile technology is the ability for me to stay connected with everyone. Not only can I call my parents and friends, but I can also send them text messages from my phone. Social networking sites also allow me to keep up with all my friends. Even though the development of this technology has the greatest effect on learning and education , I believe that it has mostly impacted my social life. Even though we are able to use and function with the technologies we have today, in the next few years they will become obsolete as better and more efficient technologies take their place. To every side of the coin, there are benefits and consequences to the development and uses of more advanced technologies. There is a greater benefit in this development. Our technology is what allows for society to communicate and cooperate with each other.

Application of Middle Range Theory to Problem Research Paper

Application of Middle Range Theory to Problem - Research Paper Example This research will begin with the statement that middle range theory is a theory which is inclusive, organized and abstract and has a limited scope. It mainly focuses on the concepts of pain, grief, hope, comfort, and quality of life to patients.   In addition, mid-range theory focuses on the relationship between nursing and the patients’ environment. This theory was pioneered by Florence Nightingale. She was born in Florence Italy on 12 May 1820. Florence was a second daughter of William and Frances, who was very wealthy.   And that made her mother, Frances, to want her to be married to a rich man, however, Florence a devout Christian at age 17 and realized that God called her to serve Him so she could not get married to the man. Even though could not make out how God wanted her to serve him, she, however, discovered it in 1944 and started nursing the sick. This really horrified her parents because by that time nursing was not a respectable job since nurses were often dru nk coupled with dreadful conditions of the hospitals. The family really tried to stop her, but she was determined to sacrifice herself even though she had no nursing experience. This made her go to Kaiserwerth in Germany in 1851 to learn. In 1853, Nightingale was offered her first post of reorganizing a small hospital in Harvey Street, London was known as the Institution for the Care of Sick Gentlewomen in Distressed Circumstances.   While here, she did an excellent job of reorganizing the hospital.... In 1860, she opened the Nightingale Training School for Nurses at St Thomas Hospital. Nightingale greatly raised the nursing standards. In her old age, Florence suffered from ill health and therefore she went blind and therefore become invalid by the mid-1890s. In 1907, she was awarded the Order of Merit. She died on 13 August 1910 (Nightingale & Valle?e, 2001). She is viewed as a mother the mother of modern nursing because she developed modern nursing by synthesizing the information she gathered in many of her life experiences. She realized that the major component of nursing care is the manipulation of the physical environment (Nightingale & Valle?e, 2001). Nightingale identified that the major areas of the environment that the nurse could control is light, cleanliness of rooms, ventilation and warmth, variety, noise, bed and beddings, walls and nutrition. For the client to counter the environmental stress in case one or more aspects are out of balance, he/she must use increased en ergy. In her theory, Florence advocated the two essential behaviors by the nurse. Firstly, a nurse should ask what the client needed or wanted for instance asking what the patient believe that is wrong. Secondly, she advocated the use of observation. Nightingale used precise observations that concern all aspects of the patient’s environment and physical health. She outlined that the main role of nurses is to place their patients in the best position so that the nature can act upon him, therefore, encouraging healing (Nightingale & Valle?e, 2001). This is the main application of Nightingale's theory in practice. It was the nurses’ responsibility to assist

International Finance and Financial Management Essay

International Finance and Financial Management - Essay Example The bottom-up approach is the opposite of top-down approach, dealing first with companies and then the industry groups and finally the economy. Fundamental analysis has its strengths in forecasting long-term trends, determining the company's fair value in terms of asset valuation, strong balance sheet, earnings stability, and staying power1. There are certain risks that investors have to put up with when investing in stocks. A company may face one or more of the several sources of fundamental risk, namely, business risk, financial risk, liquidity risk, exchange rate risk, country risk, interest rate risk, and credit risk2. Domiciled in Seattle, US, Microsoft has its offices in 100 countries. As per the information excerpted from its annual report for the year 2006, Microsoft reported a net income of $12.5 billion. Such profitability, however, does not get achieved without taking risks. Investors need to be aware of what risks Microsoft tackles with in order to satisfy its stakeholders. Microsoft, in its operations, encounters business risk which is the risk of uncertainty over cash flows caused due to a number of reasons. Microsoft faces intense competition across all markets for its products and services. 1Jones, C.P. (1996). Investments: Analysis and Management. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York. 2Clark, E., Levasseur, M., & Rousseau, P.(1993). International Finance. Chapman & Hall, New York. Its competitors range from Fortune 100 companies to small, specialized single-product businesses. With low barriers to entry, this business segment is facing a fierce competition worldwide. These competitive pressures have the capability to threaten Microsoft's sales volumes and operating costs resulting in lower revenue. Microsoft faces a challenge in combating unlicensed use of its software and intellectual property rights3. It spends a fortune every year to educate the public regarding abuse of its software. However, continued educational efforts may not succeed in implementing Microsoft's desired security objectives and any reductions in the legal protection of its intellectual property rights can adversely affect revenue. Due to its geographic dispersion, Microsoft is subject to tax risk. Tax risk affects investors because it affects net earnings4. Being accountable for tax in the US as well as numerous foreign jurisdictions, there is uncertainty over Microsoft's tax liabilities . Therefore, tax provisions may not be accurate which can significantly impair its earnings. Other examples of business risk that may affect Microsoft's revenue are delays in product development, lawsuits and claims, changes in accounting standards, and maintaining uniformity in pricing structures due to global presence. Another challenge for Microsoft is to tackle with market risk that comprises of foreign exchange risk and interest rate risk. It is quite obvious that having operations worldwide Microsoft is deemed to face risk of foreign currency losing value relative to its domicile currency. However, as mentioned in its annual report, Microsoft manages this risk by hedging its foreign

Find out the difference Essay Example for Free

Find out the difference Essay I am trying to find out the difference in flight time, of a weighted paper helicopter, on comparison to a mass of blue tack with equivalent mass. Variables Things that could be investigated are:   Wing span which would effect the air resistance of the helicopter   Mass attached to helicopter   Wing area   Increase the mass of the helicopter by adding more paper clips which I predict would effect the rate of which the helicopter would fall. Measurement and different interpretation of these variables could be made for example, increasing the amount of mass then compare it with air resistance by timing a piece of blue tact of same mass. Hypothesis What I predict will happen is, as the mass of the blue tact is increased the speed in which it falls will be increased too. Also I predict that as the mass of paperclips are added to the helicopter the faster it will fall. The reason and objects stay at rest is because the two forces on the object are equal. Things that effect the rate of which the paper clip fall are gravity and air resistance: * If an object is released above the ground it falls, because it is attracted towards the earth. This force of attraction is called gravity. As an object falls through air, it usually encounters some degree of air resistance. Air resistance is the result of collisions of the objects leading surface with air molecules. The actual amount of air resistance encountered by the object is dependent upon a variety of factors. To keep the topic simple, it can be said that the two most common factors, which have a direct effect upon the amount of air resistance, are the speed of the object and the cross-sectional area of the object. Increased speeds result in an increased amount of air resistance. Increased cross-sectional areas result in an increased amount of air resistance. I think when theres more paperclips (when the helicopter is heavier) its time of fall would decrease. I think this will happen because the force pulling the helicopter down (weight/gravity pull) is larger when its heavier whereas air resistance is the same. The reason it will fall is due to gravity acting on the mass at nearly 10meters/sec. But the reason why the ball of blue tack and the helicopter will have varying flight times is due to air resistance. A way of increasing an objects rotational momentum is to put most of its mass as far from the centre of rotation as possible as this will maximise its speed and therefore give it more momentum. If a spinning object has more momentum when its mass is far from the centre of rotation, then it must require more energy to make such an object go the same speed as one with its mass in the centre of rotation. In the preliminary tests I decided I would use medium strength sugar paper. The clock is to be started from the top of the ceiling at 2. 5metres and then stopped when the helicopter touches the floor Method. You want to find out the comparison in flight time between the blue tack and the paper helicopter; the helicopter design, which should be used, is attached. Paper helicopter must be kept to the same design each time. First the paper helicopter should be weighed with the specified amount of paper clips on an electronic scale, then the weight should be recreated with a piece of blue tack rolled into a ball. The height of the drop should be stated, then the paper helicopter and blue tack should be dropped at separate times while being timed with a stop watch and recorded. This should be repeated 3 times to make sure no mistakes occur. It is fair test because: 1. Electric scales are used to make sure the measurement are as precise as possible. 2. The test is committed inside thus avoiding wind, which would effect the experiment. 3. It is repeated 3 time in order to make sure no anomalies occur. 4. The same height of which it is dropped will be kept. Some of the variables that can be changed are the weight and design of the helicopter but those will be kept the same by simply making sure accuracy and care is performed. The clock is to be started from the top of the ceiling at 2. 5metres and then stopped when the helicopter touches the floor Risk Assessment. Well the experiment is fundamentally safe with the only danger being that of which you stand on to reach the desired height on to drop the helicopter and the ball. Diagrams Results Analysis The experiment was repeated so that we have 3 separate results for accuracy. What I found out was that although the mass are the same for both object this doesnt mean that they will have the same amount of flight time. This is due to the varying air resistance of the two objects. My results proved my hypothesis to be correct and I also found out was that the higher the mass on the helicopter the faster the helicopter span. As gravity pulls the helicopter down, air pushes up against the blades, bending them up. Because the blades are slanted slightly, some of that push becomes a sideways push. Because you have two blades that are pointed in opposite directions, the two opposing pushes of air cause the helicopter to spin. The rotation speed increases as the weight (paper clips) increases, but a point is reached where additional weight pulls down with such force that the wings move upward and the plane falls like and falling object. Air resistance is proportional to the falling bodys velocity squared. For an object to experience terminal velocity, air resistance must balance weight. An example that shows this phenomenon was the classic illustration of a rock and a feather being dropped simultaneously. In a vacuum with zero air resistance, these two objects will experience same acceleration. But this does not happen on Earth. Air resistance will equal weight more quickly for the feather than it would for the rock. The reason why the helicopter with most paper clips fell faster was due to Terminal Velocity. So a helicopter with more paperclips will experience a Terminal Velocity greater that a helicopter with less paperclips. Trends that happened in the experiment include that as the mass increased on the helicopter the time to fall was shortened and with continued tests would equal out to the same flight time of the ball of blue tack, reducing the effect of air resistance drastically. The paper helicopter initially accelerates due to the force of gravity, because the downward force due to his weight is the only force acting on him. Then it starts to experience frictional force of air resistance in the opposite direction. As the helicopter increases in speed eventually the force due to air resistance is equal to the force due to his weight. This means that the air resistant force is equal to the force due to the weight. This means that the resultant force acting on him is now zero and it continues to fall a constant speed called the terminal velocity. Conclusion What I found out was that as the mass increased on the helicopter the effect of resistance on the helicopter dropped on comparison to the blue tack ball. I found out that although two objects may be the same mass it depends on the other forces effecting it, and in this case it was air resistance acting upon it. The helicopter was better shaped to stay in the air longer, but as the mass increased the wings were unable to open. Evaluation The results did fit into a clear pattern and are as expected, as the mass was increased the rate in wish it fell was faster and as you can see by the comparison of the blue tack it was getting close to the rate of the blue tack. For one example of a slight anomaly is in experiment 1 at the weight at 2. 2g It seems out of place. The results seem reliable and follow a trend with minimal anomalies. Preliminary tests were completed and no alterations were made, as the tests were a success. In the preliminary tests I decided I would use medium strength sugar paper. Some of the reasons that could have caused the anomalies are:   The accuracy of taking the timing could have been at fault   The releasing of the helicopter Things that made the test unfair are:   Every time you put a paper clip, centre of gravity / centre of mass is different. What would have been better to get a precise reading to the falling would have been to use a laser trigger to set the stop clock off because for people to be split second accurate it would be extremely difficult if not in possible. To extend my experiment I would like to drop the helicopters with greater masses on but be able to record the timing of them accurately. References 1. The essentials of AQA science: Double Award Coordinated Physics 2. Key science by Jim Breithaupt Chris Sommers Page 1 10/05/2007.

We Must Work to Prevent Mass School Shootings Essay -- Mass Shootings,

There have been many horror stories in the news about mass shootings at schools. The public, and even the president of the United States, is asking if anything can be done to prevent these tragedies. There are many theories on why students kill their peers at schools; these range from increased violence in video games and movies to bullying troubles at school. Almost always, the perpetrator suffers from some form of mental illness (Khadaroo). Because of this, motives for these crimes are extremely difficult to discern. Although the theories for the causes of this dilemma are tenuous at best, the effects are very perceptible. Can anything be done to prevent these massacres? School shootings are a complex problem that cannot always be prevented, but there are a number of actions we can take to reduce the frequency and extent of the damage caused. These actions include placing more restrictions on firearms, creating detection programs for shooters, hiring more counselors for u nstable students, and placing guards or police in schools. School shootings are a serious problem, and a solution is needed in order to prevent these calamities. Although no one can be entirely sure what motivates teens to commit mass shootings, there are theories that must be examined to develop solutions. One theory states that there are ten factors that contribute to the likelihood of a teen committing murder. These factors include an unstable home life, being bullied at school, obsession with violent entertainment, being suicidal, involvement with drugs or alcohol, involvement with gangs or cults, and mental illness. Usually at least four of these qualities are present in homicidal teens (Khadaroo). While many of these causes stem from home lif... ... Works Sited "Arkansas District Arming More than 20 Teachers, Staff." Herald (Everett, WA): n.p. Jul 31, 2013. SIRS Issues Researcher. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. Khadaroo, Stacy Teicher. â€Å"Why Do Kids Kill? School Murders in Sparks, Danvers Revive Questions.† Christian Science Monitor. 25 Oct 2013: n.p. SIRS Issue Researcher. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. Ring, Ray. â€Å"Guns R Us.† High Country News (Paonia, Co) Vol. 39, No. 14 Aug. 6 2007:10-17. Sirs Issues Researcher. Web. 6 Oct. 2015. â€Å"School safety Timeline.† Leading Issues timelines, 2013. SIRS Issues researcher. Web. 4 Oct. 2015. â€Å"What Happened in Newtown, Connecticut? Eyewitness Accounts of Sandy Hook Elementary School Shooting.† WXYZ. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Oct. 2015. Zarembo, Alan. â€Å"Teens Plotting Attacks Tend to Tip Their hand.† Los Angeles Times. 24 Dec 2012: A.1. Sirs Issues Researcher. Web. 6 Oct. 2015.

Science Laboratory Report

>The results of the lab were very accurate because the r action of the enzymes in hot water were actually very quick and in cold water the enzyme mess seemed to react very slow. Background: So far from what we have learned from 3. 2. 1 about enzymes is that they are substances that produce a living organism that acts as a catalyst to bring a SP specific biochemical reaction. Enzymes are very important because they control the s peed of chemical reactions in the body, but also enzymes are made out of amino acid s and have a lock and key basics.What this does is that it lock the enzymes and the key substance and the only way it will react is by inducing the correct substrate, which plays a role in determining the final shape of the enzyme and so the enzyme partially flexible. Chemical digestion is a process in which food is being broken down by chemic in our bodies like saliva and enzymes. Besides their being enzymes there are also consumes which support the functions of enzymes, they loosely bind to enzyme mess to help them complete their activities, they are nonprofit, and they are organic molecules.Our goal in the experiment was to see the different reaction that happen to enzymes while being at different temperatures. For an example when we did the lab we saw that the pressure in warm water was high which lets us know that enzyme nature at a warm temperature, and we placed some ice on the beaker the temperature began to decrease and when we took the pressure, the result SSH owed that the enzymes reacted very slow which seems to give us a very obvious result. When enzymes are in a cold temperature they tend to have less energy and have a I ate reaction.Hypothesis: My hypothesis on this experiment was that enzymes would move very fast in warm temperature and that in a cold temperature the enzymes would be MO vying slow or like being stiff and that their reaction would decrease from what it would reach at a high temperature. Materials and Methods: 1. Use a 600 m l beaker and fill it up with warm water up 250 ml. 2. Use a thermometer that measures in Celsius, take the temperature of the water, results should be around 19 co 3. SE a hot plate and heat it up to a low temperature and then place the beaker with the thermometer on the hot plate and let it sit their for 5 minutes 4. After 5 minutes have passed remove the beaker from the hot plate take a look at your experiment, the temperature of the water should've gone up unlike the group, their results were chic 5. Avian the beaker removed from the hot plate, make sure you get a flask that is 125 ml. 6. Fill the flask with 50 ml of hydrogen peroxide and place it inside the 600 ml beaker. 7. Once you have done that use the fernier to measure the gas pressure 8. You need to connect the USB cable to your computer and the other end of the cable connect it to the labiates box and connect the cable to channel 1 9. After connecting the gas pressure sensor open the program on your computer and make sur e you're starting off with a blank graph 10. Then grab the gas pressure sensor and connect it to labiates box with a lack cable. After doing that grab the valve and the rubber stopper. 11. Once you have everything connected the fernier use a microcomputer that measures 2020041 12. SE a pipette and put it on the microcomputer and absorb 10041 of catalyst 13. Poor the amount of catalyst in the in the flask and quickly and cover the flask with the rubber stopper. 14. Make sure you put pressure on the rubber stopper and click the green button on the computer which begins to graph. 15. You should only do this for 200 seconds and wants you're done you click on the red icon which means stop and then print out your results. 16. You Should now do a cold water bath and to be able to do this you need ice and fresh new enzymes and hydrogen peroxide.Make sure you dump out all the liquids you used and get fresh ones. 17. Remember thou should fill the beaker with 250 ml of cold water and pour 50 m l of hydrogen peroxide in the flask. You should have some ice and put some in the beaker and take the temperature of the cold ice water, you should NOT use the hydrogen peroxide yet. 18. After 5 minutes the temperature that the group recorded at first, was ICC Make sure you record your results 20. After taking the temperature of the water. Owe you should take the hydrogen peroxide and get it close to the temperature of the water. 1 . 19. Get the flask that contains the hydrogen peroxide and place it back In the beaker, let it sit there for about 10 minutes. 22. When 10 minutes have passed you should now use the fernier and repeat steps 715 again. Rest Its: The results of this experiment was that the enzymes react very slow in cold w eater and that in hot water the enzymes have more energy and are able to move m such faster. The slope in the graph for hot water was y=0. 0119 and so that was the change e for every second and the slope for cold water was 0. 03 which lets you know that the c hanger in both slopes was decreased from what you can see, Results of the different temperatures in Celsius cold water coco hot water coco cold ice water cold ice water beaker/flask Discussion: We already know that enzymes denature do to the type of temperature there at The results of the graph for hot and cold water show that the pressure thee r is when the enzyme is found at a hot or cold temperature. The important liquids that we used in this experiment was O 2 ( hydrogen peroxide) and the catalyst. The enzymes destroy hydrogen peroxide by breaking it down.

”Oliver Twist” by Charles Dickens and ”Brick Lane” by Monica Ali Essay

Having read both Oliver Twist by Charles Dickens and Brick Lane by Monica Ali, I am going to concentrate the city question on Brick Lane. Brick Lane tells the story of Nazneen, an eighteen year old moved to London from her rural upbringing in Bangladesh to Tower Hamlets, a close tight community of Bengali families living in blocks of flats struggling to make their way up in the city to earn sufficient money and a civilised upbringing for their children, yet still yearning to go back to their home land. Nazneen is married to Chanu, twenty years older than her, he is educated yet earns his money working as a taxi driver. This novel has clear descriptions of city life, the diversity of the people within and how Nazneen interprets the city from her point of view. There are many ways in which the material conditions of the city are described in this novel, the different areas of the city of London are described from the block of flats where Nazneen lives to the big office blocks in the city centre. City life in this novel begins with Nazneen describing the ‘Tattoo lady’ who lives in the block of flats opposite her, from here we become familiar with the lack of space and understand the very little room they have in the urban areas of London â€Å"Most of the flats that closed three sides of a square had net curtains and the life behind them was all shapes and shadows. But the tattoo lady had no curtains at all. Morning and afternoon she sat with her thighs spilling over the sides of her chair†¦.† By reading this, it is already forming an idea of the main settings of the novel which are the block of flats, very cramped and close, very little sense of privacy. We also get an idea of the type of people living around the area as well, the tattoo lady is frequently mentioned in the novel, informing us that â€Å"at least two thirds of the flesh on show was covered in ink.† Another material condition of the city we come across in this novel is when Nazneen actually considers visiting the tattoo lady at the flat opposite hers, however such is city life that Nazneen reconsiders this â€Å"The tattoo lady might be angry at an unwanted interruption.† Although this is not an actual object described in the city, from Nazneen’s thought we get an idea of the type of people she would come across whilst living in the city, it forms the surroundings of the narrative by mentioning Nazneen’s neighbours. Monica Ali also describes the smell of the surroundings where Nazneen lives â€Å"The breeze on Nazneen’s face was thick with the smell from the overflowing communal bins.† This material condition most definitely helps to form the surroundings of the novel shaping the condition of the area where Nazneen lives. Although Monica Ali has focused on forming the surroundings of the city where Nazneen lives with the smell and the neighbours, she has also formed the novel with the material conditions of inside the flat where Nazneen lives, in the novel Nazneen spends most of her time inside the flat â€Å"to sit day after day inside this large box with the furniture to dust, and the muffled sound of private lives sealed away above, below and around her.† By giving brief descriptions like this it shapes the scene of the narrative from the beginning of the novel, we are informed of the furniture inside the flat, Nazneen mentions that she has never seen more furniture inside one room, with all this, we are already shaping the narrative with the material conditions inside of Nazneen’s flat. Whilst living in the city, Nazneen mentions outdoor surroundings quite often, although she spends most of her time inside her flat or at Razia’s, whenever Nazneen has gone outside the boundaries of her area, we as the are given more description of the actual city conditions â€Å"There were more cars than people out here; a roaring metal army tearing up the town.† By describing the cars as an army tearing up the town, we can immediately shape the city life of the narrative with the pollution and the noise of the cars. We can imagine the dirt and the hustle of the city. â€Å"The people who passed walked, looked ahead at nothing or looked down at the pavement to negotiate puddles, litter and excrement.† This was the material conditions of the city life which helped form the narrative, which helped give the reader an idea of the city life and scenes to which we can imagine Nazneen and her husband walking across. The social life in this novel also helps to form the material conditions of city life and the novel, Nazneen’s social life throughout the novel consisted of Mrs Islam and Razia gossiping about fellow women, she would often visit Razia at her flat, whilst going to Razia’s flat we are given descriptions of the surroundings within Nazneen’s boundary of her estate, we are informed of the â€Å"group of young Bengali men who stood in the bottom of the stairwell, combing their hair and smoking or making loud, sudden hoots†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this was the social life the young men had in the city, they would hang around in gangs not achieving much, Nazneen stayed within her boundaries as well, so it gives the reader an impression that social life within a city should be kept in the boundaries that you live in, like a safety barrier. We are also informed of the material conditions of the corridors and stairwells where Nazneen lives, the front doors are mentioned to be the sam e across the corridors â€Å"peeling red paint showing splinters of pale wood, a rectangular panel of glass with wire meshing suspended inside, gold rimmed keyholes and stern black knockers.† On the wall â€Å"someone had drawn a pair of buttocks in thick black pen†¦Ã¢â‚¬  this helps the reader to form a picture in their minds of the state of city life where Nazneen lives, â€Å"The stairs gave off a tang of urine† Although Nazneen is told to stay within the boundaries of the estate because if she went out people would talk and gossip about her, Nazneen did go out. This was when she got lost, and we as the readers gained more knowledge of the material conditions of city life which formed the narrative, we are told that â€Å"to get to the other side of the street without being hit by a car was like walking out in the monsoon and hoping to dodge the raindrops.† Immediately we can imagine the fast movement of the city, cars going past like buzzing bees, to cross the road, Nazneen â€Å"waited next to a woman and stepped out with her, like a calf with its mother† short descriptions like this form the material conditions of the city life in this novel so skilfully. Throughout the novel, we are not only informed of the material conditions of the city where Nazneen lives or around the area of Bethnal Green, we are also informed of the streets buildings past Brick Lane. â€Å"She looked up at a building as she passed. It was constructed almost entirely of glass, with a few thin rivets of steel holding it together.† â€Å"The building was without end, above somewhere it crushed the clouds.† The material conditions mentioned here are most entirely opposite to the towers described of Tower Hamlets. Although both scenes have very large buildings, the towers in the city centre are described as â€Å"palaces†, with â€Å"entrances and colonnades across the front† this was the diversity of the material conditions of city life which helped form the narrative, because the reader is informed that the city is not the same throughout, every area has its own distinctive features, some parts of the city are very well looked after whe reas others such as where Nazneen lives are forgotten about. The material conditions of city life in the novel are mentioned to the reader in many ways, we are told of the people that Nazneen walks past when she goes to the city centre â€Å"every back she saw, was on a private, urgent mission to execute a precise and demanding plan†¦.† â€Å"They could not see her anymore than she could see God† from this, we acknowledge the independency of the people in the city. Soon Nazneen realises that she does not fit in with these working people, they are dressed smart, they have coats and handbags whereas Nazneen has a cardigan and a sari, although Nazneen was dressed differently, only one woman noticed she was there and smiled at her. By giving details such as this, Monica Ali has formed and shaped the narrative according to city life, every person with its own mission. So far, throughout the novel, only roads and streets, people and buildings have been mentioned. However when Nazneen does come across some greenery, she says â€Å"in this city, a bit of grass was something to be guarded, fenced about, as if there were a sprinkling of emeralds sown in among the blades.† This, yet again is another material condition of city life, although it is not unpleasant like the conditions in Nazneen’s area, green grass has not yet been mentioned up until now, and when it has the grass is guarded with fence, so from this, we can imagine the very few places in the city to relax and enjoy the scenery. We also get the indication that in this novel, for Nazneen there is no place for her to get away from everything, the city â€Å"would not pause even to shrug.† Throughout the novel, the descriptions of the city and the buildings given to us by Nazneen have been described just as Nazneen saw them, however, later on in the novel, when Nazneen’s son becomes ill, whilst in the ambulance van, and with her fear for her son, she mentions â€Å"The city shattered. Everything was in pieces. She knew it straight away, glimpsed it from the painful white insides of the ambulance.† Just as Nazneen’s heart shattered in pieces, the city did too with her, so she is relating the material conditions of the city with her emotions and giving the reader an image of doom and gloom within the city. Although the material conditions described to us previously in the novel have been mostly doom and gloom anyway, Nazneen has only just implied the greyness and dullness of it along with her emotions. â€Å"Frantic neon signs. Headlights chasing the dark. An office block, cracked with light. These shards of the broken city.† Up until now the city was not mentioned as broken, it was just described as how Nazneen saw it, but now, we get the real image of the city, the material conditions which helped form the narrative † The crystal towers and red bricked tombs. The bare-legged girls shivering at the bus stop.† Up until now, Nazneen had simply described the different dress code of non Asian females, now that she saw they were at the bus stop bare legged in the early hours of the morning, Nazneen is ridiculed by them, she talks about them along with the broken city. She is giving the reader material conditions of the city which make it so grim. â€Å"The well fed dogs and bloated pigeons.† This is something Nazneen would never see in her homeland Bangladesh, dogs are of no importance and pigeons always a pest. So now, we get to witness Nazneen’s interpretations of the material conditions of the city life, how she feels it is all wrong compared to her land. â€Å"The cars that had screamed alongside the ambulance, urging it on, parting in waves.† The cars that had previously been described as an army now screaming, this clearly shows the rage within Nazneen and the material city conditions which she so hates. Throughout the novel, London is not the only city mentioned, with Nazneen’s sister living in the city in Bangladesh, Dhaka, she often receives letters from Hasina talking about her home, and the surroundings â€Å"Street is wide and nice. But plastic bag blowing everywhere. Walk in street for five ten minute and by finish you cover in bag on legs and arm and stomach.† From this we realise, that city conditions throughout the world are the same. The little things which give the city its status, the material conditions such as bags on the floor is what makes living in a city so different to other places. â€Å"A wind blew in over the courtyard and fetched up a crisp packet at her feet.† Nazneen although she was in a different country to her sister, they were both in the same situation, both living in a city with material conditions such as rubbish on the pavements and non stopping people. To conclude, the material conditions of city life in Brick Lane are mentioned with such metaphors and descriptions which inform the narrative of the surroundings, the people, the scenery and the atmosphere within. The buildings described in so many ways, the smallest details found on the floors to the stairwells of the block of flats.